Human Development Impacts of Migration: South Africa Case Study

Controls on human mobility and efforts to undermine them continue to shape South Africa’s politics, economy, and society. Despite the need for improved policy responses to human mobility, reform is hindered by lack of capacity, misinformation, and anti-migrant sentiments within and outside of government. This report outlines these trends and tensions by providing a broad overview of the limited demographic and socio-economic data available on migration to and within South Africa. Doing so highlights the spatialised aspects of human mobility, trends centred on and around the country’s towns and cities. It also finds significant development potential in international migrants’ skills and entrepreneurialism. By enhancing remittances and trade, non-nationals may also expand markets for South African products and services. Despite these potential benefits, there are severe obstacles to immigration reform. These include a renewed South African populism; the influence of a strong anti-trafficking lobby; a European Union (EU) agenda promoting stricter border controls; poor implementation capacity; and endemic corruption among police and immigration officials. There are different, but equally significant problems in reforming frameworks governing domestic mobility including perceptions that in-migration is an inherent drain on municipal budgets. Recognising these limitations, the report concludes with three recommendations. (1) A conceptual reconsideration of the divisions between documented and undocumented migrants; between voluntary and forced migrants; and between international and domestic migration. (2) An analytical respatialisation in future planning and management scenarios involving regional and local bodies in evaluating, designing and implementing policy. (3) To situate migration and its management within global debates over governance and development and for ‘migration mainstreaming’ into all aspects of governance. The success of any of these initiatives will require better data, the skills to analyse that data, and the integration of data into planning processes.migration, urbanisation, governance, South Africa, policy reform, capabilities

Zero-noise extrapolation for quantum-gate error mitigation with identity insertions

Quantum-gate errors are a significant challenge for achieving precision measurements on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers. This paper focuses on zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE), a technique that can be implemented on existing hardware, studying it in detail and proposing modifications to existing approaches. In particular, we consider identity insertion methods for amplifying noise because they are hardware agnostic. We build a mathematical formalism for studying existing ZNE techniques and show how higher order polynomial extrapolations can be used to systematically reduce depolarizing errors. Furthermore, we introduce a method for amplifying noise that uses far fewer gates than traditional methods. This approach is compared with existing methods for simulated quantum circuits. Comparable or smaller errors are possible with fewer gates, which illustrates the potential for empowering an entirely new class of moderate-depth circuits on near term hardware

Relativistic Hydrodynamics with General Anomalous Charges

We consider the hydrodynamic regime of gauge theories with general triangle anomalies, where the participating currents may be global or gauged, abelian or non-abelian. We generalize the argument of arXiv:0906.5044, and construct at the viscous order the stress-energy tensor, the charge currents and the entropy current.Comment: 13 pages, Revte

Comparison of bungee-aided and free-bouncing accelerations on trampoline

Trampolines remain the single best apparatus for the training of aerial acrobatics skills. Trampoline use has led to catastrophic injuries from poor landings. Passive injury prevention countermeasures such as specialized matting have been largely ineffective. Active injury countermeasures such as hand spotting, “throw-in” mats, and overhead spotting rigs provide the most effective methods. The recent addition of several bungee cords between the ropes and the gymnast’s spotting harness has resulted in altered teaching and coaching of trampoline-related acrobatics. Bungee cords have eliminated the need for a coach/spotter to manage the ropes during skill learning. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of the addition of bungee cords with a traditional rope-based overhead spotting rig. There is a paucity of any research involving trampoline injury countermeasures. Ten experienced trampoline acrobatic athletes (5 males, 5 females) from the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association Aerials National Team performed 10 bounces as high as they could control. A triaxial accelerometer (200 Hz) characterized 10 bungee cord aided bounces and 10 freebounces on a trampoline from each athlete. Bed contact times, peak accelerations, and average accelerations were obtained. The results supported our hypotheses that the bungeeaided bounces achieved only 40% (average) to 70% (peak) of the free-bouncing accelerations (all ρ 0.092). The bed contact time was approximately 65% longer during the bungee-aided bounces (ρ < 0.001). Bungee cords may reduce the harshness of landings on trampoline

A multiple catheter technique for studies or hepatic metabolism and blood flow in dogs with portacaval transposition

A technique is described for in vivo hepatic metabolic studies, employing a multiple catheterization technique in dogs with chronic portacaval transposition. The animals are studied in the unanesthetized state immediately after the insertion of catheters through peripheral cut-downs. The gradient of metabolites entering and leaving the liver can be measured concomitantly with hepatic plasma flow. Additional simultaneous gradients can be obtained across the splanchnic capillary bed, or the hindquarters. Drugs can be introduced into the circulation by a systemic route or by primary injection into the hepatic circulation. The advantages of this approach compared to other methods of evaluating moment to moment hepatic function are discussed. © 1962

The Effect of Police Body-Worn Cameras on Use of Force and Citizens’ Complaints Against the Police: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: Police use-of-force continues to be a major source of international concern, inviting interest by academics and practitioners alike. Whether justified or unnecessary/excessive, the exercise of power by the police can potentially tarnish their relationship with the community. Police misconduct can translate into complaints against the police, which carry large economic and social costs. The question we try to answer is: do body-worn-cameras reduce the prevalence of use-of-force and/or citizens’ complaints against the police? Methods: We empirically tested the use of body-worn-cameras by measuring the effect of videotaping police-public encounters on incidents of police use-of-force and complaints, in randomized-controlled settings. Over 12 months, we randomly-assigned officers to “experimental-shifts” during which they were equipped with body-worn HD cameras that recorded all contacts with the public and to “control-shifts” without the cameras (n=988). We nominally defined use-of-force, both unnecessary/excessive and reasonable, as a non-desirable response in police-public encounters. We estimate the causal effect of the use of body-worn-videos on the two outcome variables using both between-group differences using a Poisson regression model as well as before-after estimates using interrupted time-series analyses. Results: We found that the likelihood of force being used in control conditions were roughly twice those in experimental conditions. Similarly, a pre/post analysis of use-of-force and complaints data also support this result: the number of complaints filed against officers dropped from 0.7 complaints per 1,000 contacts to 0.07 per 1,000 contacts. We discuss the findings in terms of theory, research methods, policy and future avenues of research on body-worn-videos.Funding for this research was granted by Rialto Police and the Jerry Lee Centre of Experimental CriminologyThis is the accepted manuscript. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10940-014-9236-3

Characterizations of quasitrivial symmetric nondecreasing associative operations

We provide a description of the class of n-ary operations on an arbitrary chain that are quasitrivial, symmetric, nondecreasing, and associative. We also prove that associativity can be replaced with bisymmetry in the definition of this class. Finally we investigate the special situation where the chain is finite

Displacement and difference in Lubumbashi

Signs on the outskirts of the second largest city in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) welcome visitors to ‘the city of peace’. Lubumbashi has a reputation as a haven of tolerance in a violent nation but how are displaced people treated

Taxonomy, Biostratigraphy and Phylogeny of Eocene Acarinina

The taxonomy, phylogeny and biostratigraphic ranges of 28 Eocene species of Acarinina are discussed together with detailed synonymies. The early Eocene is characterized by the radiation of two different groups - one characterized by rounded/inflated chambers and the other by anguloconical chambers - which are derived, in turn, from two late Paleocene lineages: the soldadoensis lineage (itself derived from Acarinina mckannai) and the esnaensis-wilcoxensis lineage (itself derived from Acarinina nitida). We interpret the genus Truncorotaloides as a synonym of Acarinina. Acarinina is regarded as paraphyletic, in that it gave rise to Morozovelloides Pearson and Berggren n. gen. in the upper part of the lower Eocene (see Pearson and Berggren Chapter 10, this volume). The following species are recognized in this chapter: Acarinina africana (El Naggar), Acarinina alticonica Fleisher, Acarinina angulosa (Bolli), Acarinina aspensis (Colom), Acarinina boudreauxi Fleisher, Acarinina bullbrooki (Bolli), Acarinina coalingensis (Cushman and Hanna), Acarinina collactea (Finlay), Acarinina cuneicamerata (Blow), Acarinina echinata (Bolli), Acarinina esnaensis (LeRoy), Acarinina esnehensis (Nakkady), Acarinina interposita Subbotina, Acarinina mcgowrani Wade and Pearson n. sp., Acarinina medizzai (Toumarkine and Bolli), Acarinina pentacamerata (Subbotina), Acarinina praetopilensis (Blow), Acarinina primitiva (Finlay), Acarinina pseudosubsphaerica Pearson and Berggren n. sp., Acarinina pseudotopilensis Subbotina, Acarinina punctocarinata Fleisher, Acarinina quetra (Bolli), Acarinina rohri (Brönnimann and Bermúdez), Acarinina sibaiyaensis (El Naggar), Acarinina soldadoensis (Brönnimann), Acarinina subsphaerica (Subbotina), Acarinina topilensis (Cushman), and Acarinina wilcoxensis (Cushman and Ponton)