373 research outputs found
Meshfree finite differences for vector Poisson and pressure Poisson equations with electric boundary conditions
We demonstrate how meshfree finite difference methods can be applied to solve
vector Poisson problems with electric boundary conditions. In these, the
tangential velocity and the incompressibility of the vector field are
prescribed at the boundary. Even on irregular domains with only convex corners,
canonical nodal-based finite elements may converge to the wrong solution due to
a version of the Babuska paradox. In turn, straightforward meshfree finite
differences converge to the true solution, and even high-order accuracy can be
achieved in a simple fashion. The methodology is then extended to a specific
pressure Poisson equation reformulation of the Navier-Stokes equations that
possesses the same type of boundary conditions. The resulting numerical
approach is second order accurate and allows for a simple switching between an
explicit and implicit treatment of the viscosity terms.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure
Faceting at the Silicon (100) Crystal-Melt Interface: Theory and Experiment
Molecular-dynamics simulations and in situ experimental observations of the melting and equilibrium structure of the crystalline Si(100)-melt interface are described. The equilibrium interface is structured, exhibiting facets established on (111) planes
Delivery of Automated External Defibrillators via Drones in Simulated Cardiac Arrest: Users' Experiences and the Human-Drone Interaction
Background: Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the United States is approximately 10%. Automatic external defibrillators (AEDs) are effective when applied early, yet public access AEDs are used in <2% of OHCAs. AEDs are often challenging for bystanders to locate and are rarely available in homes, where 70% of OHCAs occur. Drones have the potential to deliver AEDs to bystanders efficiently; however, little is known about the human-drone interface in AED delivery. Objectives: To describe user experiences with AED-equipped drones in a feasibility study of simulated OHCA in a community setting. Methods: We simulated an OHCA in a series of trials with age-group/sex-matched participant pairs, with one participant randomized to search for a public access AED and the other to call a mock 9-1-1 telephone number that initiated the dispatch of an AED-equipped drone. We investigated user experience of 17 of the 35 drone recipient participants via semi-structured qualitative interviews and analyzed audio-recordings for key aspects of user experience. Results: Drone recipient participants reported largely positive experiences, highlighting that this delivery method enabled them to stay with the victim and continue cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Concerns were few but included drone arrival timing and direction as well as bystander safety. Participants provided suggestions for improvements in the AED-equipped drone design and delivery procedures. Conclusion: Participants reported positive experiences interacting with an AED-equipped drone for a simulated OHCA in a community setting. Early findings suggest a role for drone-delivered AEDs to improve bystander AED use and improve outcomes for OHCA victims
Drone Delivery of an Automated External Defibrillator
To the Editor: Every year, an estimated 350,000 persons in the United States have an out-ofhospital cardiac arrest; only approximately 10% survive.1 The probability of survival doubles when a bystander administers cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and uses an automated external defibrillator (AED) before emergency medical services (EMS) arrive, but bystander AED use occurs in less than 2% of cardiac arrests in the United States.2 Survival is most likely when CPR and defibrillation are delivered within 5 minutes after the start of a cardiac arrest3; however, the median arrival time of EMS in the United States is 8 minutes and in remote areas can extend to 30 minutes
Gendered endings: Narratives of male and female suicides in the South African Lowveld
This is the author's accepted manuscript. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-012-9258-y. Copyright @ Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012.Durkheimâs classical theory of suicide rates being a negative index of social solidarity downplays the salience of gendered concerns in suicide. But gendered inequalities have had a negative impact: worldwide significantly more men than women perpetrate fatal suicides. Drawing on narratives of 52 fatal suicides in Bushbuckridge, South Africa, this article suggests that Bourdieuâs concepts of âsymbolic violenceâ and âmasculine dominationâ provide a more appropriate framework for understanding this paradox. I show that the thwarting of investments in dominant masculine positions have been the major precursor to suicides by men. Men tended to take their own lives as a means of escape. By contrast, women perpetrated suicide to protest against the miserable consequences of being dominated by men. However, contra the assumption of Bourdieuâs concept of âhabitusâ, the narrators of suicide stories did reflect critically upon gender constructs
An optimization principle for deriving nonequilibrium statistical models of Hamiltonian dynamics
A general method for deriving closed reduced models of Hamiltonian dynamical
systems is developed using techniques from optimization and statistical
estimation. As in standard projection operator methods, a set of resolved
variables is selected to capture the slow, macroscopic behavior of the system,
and the family of quasi-equilibrium probability densities on phase space
corresponding to these resolved variables is employed as a statistical model.
The macroscopic dynamics of the mean resolved variables is determined by
optimizing over paths of these probability densities. Specifically, a cost
function is introduced that quantifies the lack-of-fit of such paths to the
underlying microscopic dynamics; it is an ensemble-averaged, squared-norm of
the residual that results from submitting a path of trial densities to the
Liouville equation. The evolution of the macrostate is estimated by minimizing
the time integral of the cost function. The value function for this
optimization satisfies the associated Hamilton-Jacobi equation, and it
determines the optimal relation between the statistical parameters and the
irreversible fluxes of the resolved variables, thereby closing the reduced
dynamics. The resulting equations for the macroscopic variables have the
generic form of governing equations for nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and they
furnish a rational extension of the classical equations of linear irreversible
thermodynamics beyond the near-equilibrium regime. In particular, the value
function is a thermodynamic potential that extends the classical dissipation
function and supplies the nonlinear relation between thermodynamics forces and
fluxes
Large scale magnetogenesis from a non-equilibrium phase transition in the radiation dominated era
We study the generation of large scale primordial magnetic fields by a
cosmological phase transition during the radiation dominated era. The setting
is a theory of N charged scalar fields coupled to an abelian gauge field, that
undergoes a phase transition at a critical temperature much larger than the
electroweak scale. The dynamics after the transition features two distinct
stages: a spinodal regime dominated by linear long-wavelength instabilities,
and a scaling stage in which the non-linearities and backreaction of the scalar
fields are dominant. This second stage describes the growth of horizon sized
domains. We implement a recently introduced formulation to obtain the spectrum
of magnetic fields that includes the dissipative effects of the plasma. We find
that large scale magnetogenesis is very efficient during the scaling regime.
The ratio between the energy density on scales larger than L and that in the
background radiation r(L,T) = rho_B(L,T)/rho_{cmb}(T) is r(L,T) \sim 10^{-34}
at the Electroweak scale and r(L,T) \sim 10^{-14} at the QCD scale for L \sim 1
Mpc. The resulting spectrum is insensitive to the magnetic diffusion length. We
conjecture that a similar mechanism could be operative after the QCD chiral
phase transition.Comment: LaTex, 25 pages, no figures, to appear in Phys. Rev.
Magnetic field generation from non-equilibrium phase transitions
We study the generation of magnetic fields during the stage of particle
production resulting from spinodal instabilities during phase transitions out
of equilibrium. The main premise is that long-wavelength instabilities that
drive the phase transition lead to strong non-equilibrium charge and current
fluctuations which generate electromagnetic fields. We present a formulation
based on the non-equilibrium Schwinger-Dyson equations that leads to an exact
expression for the spectrum of electromagnetic fields valid for general
theories and cosmological backgrounds and whose main ingredient is the
transverse photon polarization out of equilibrium. This formulation includes
the dissipative effects of the conductivity in the medium. As a prelude to
cosmology we study magnetogenesis in Minkowski space-time in a theory of N
charged scalar fields to lowest order in the gauge coupling and to leading
order in the large N within two scenarios of cosmological relevance. The
long-wavelength power spectrum for electric and magnetic fields at the end of
the phase transition is obtained explicitly.
It follows that equipartition between electric and magnetic fields does not
hold out of equilibrium. In the case of a transition from a high temperature
phase, the conductivity of the medium severely hinders the generation of
magnetic fields, however the magnetic fields generated are correlated on scales
of the order of the domain size, which is much larger than the magnetic
diffusion length. Implications of the results to cosmological phase transitions
driven by spinodal unstabilities are discussed.Comment: Preprint no. LPTHE 02-55, 30 pages, latex, 2 eps figures. Added one
reference. To appear in Phys. Rev.
Radiative cooling of carbon cluster anions C2n+1â (n = 3â5)
Radiative cooling of carbon cluster anions C2n+1â (n = 3â5) is investigated using the cryogenic electrostatic ion storage ring DESIREE. Two different strategies are applied to infer infrared emission on slow (milliseconds to seconds) and ultraslow (seconds to minutes) timescales. Initial cooling of the ions over the millisecond timescale is probed indirectly by monitoring the decay in the yield of spontaneous neutralization by thermionic emission. The observed cooling rates are consistent with a statistical model of thermionic electron emission in competition with infrared photon emission due to vibrational de-excitation. Slower cooling over the seconds to minutes timescale associated with infrared emission from low-frequency vibrational modes is probed using time-dependent action spectroscopy. For C9â and C11â, cooling is evidenced by the time-evolution of the yield of photo-induced neutralization following resonant excitation of electronic transitions near the detachment threshold. The cross-section for resonant photo-excitation is at least two orders of magnitude greater than for direct photodetachment. In contrast, C7â lacks electronic transitions near the detachment threshold
Amplification of hypercharge electromagnetic fields by a cosmological pseudoscalar
If, in addition to the standard model fields, a new pseudoscalar field exists
and couples to hypercharge topological number density, it can exponentially
amplify hyperelectric and hypermagnetic fields in the symmetric phase of the
electroweak plasma, while coherently rolling or oscillating. We present the
equations describing the coupled system of a pseudoscalar field and hypercharge
electromagnetic fields in the electroweak plasma at temperatures above the
electroweak phase transition, discuss approximations to the equations, and
their validity. We then solve the approximate equations using assorted
analytical and numerical methods, and determine the parameters for which
hypercharge electromagnetic fields can be exponentially amplified.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure
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