A multi-scale hierarchical framework for developing understanding of river behaviour to support river management

The work leading to this paper was funded through the European Union’s FP7 programme under Grant Agreement No. 282656 (REFORM). The framework methodology was developed within the context of Deliverable D2.1 of the REFORM programme, and all partners who contributed to the development of the four parts of this deliverable are included in the author list of this paper. More details on the REFORM framework can be obtained from part 1 of Deliverable D2.1 (Gurnell et al. 2014), which is downloadable from http://​www.​reformrivers.​eu/​results/​deliverables

In-situ observation of texture changes during phase transformations in ultra-low-carbon steel

Texture changes during the alpha(bcc)-gamma(fcc) phase transformation in ultra-low-carbon (ULC) steel were investigated in situ by neutron diffraction, making use of a vacuum furnace. The initial texture is a typical bee rolling texture. Upon heating above 500 degrees C, it recrystallizes, and above 900 degrees C, it transforms into an fee texture with (111) fee pole figures resembling (110) bee and (110) fee resembling (111) bee. Upon cooling, the reverse transformation produces a texture that is close to the initial one, documenting a texture memory. Modeling the texture changes with the Kurdjumov-Sachs (KS), Nishiyama-Wassermann (NW), and Bain relationships reproduces the correct texture patterns but considerably weaker texture strengths, indicating that in the experimental case, variant selection occurs during both the forward and reverse transformations