128 research outputs found
Scientific assessment of the use of sugars as cigarette tobacco ingredients: A review of published and other publicly available studies
Sugars, such as sucrose or invert sugar, have been used as tobacco ingredients in American-blend cigarettes to replenish the sugars lost during curing of the Burley component of the blended tobacco in order to maintain a balanced flavor. Chemical-analytical studies of the mainstream smoke of research cigarettes with various sugar application levels revealed that most of the smoke constituents determined did not show any sugar-related changes in yields (per mg nicotine), while ten constituents were found to either increase (formaldehyde, acrolein, 2-butanone, isoprene, benzene, toluene, benzo[k]fluoranthene) or decrease (4-aminobiphenyl, N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosonornicotine) in a statistically significant manner with increasing sugar application levels. Such constituent yields were modeled into constituent uptake distributions using simulations of nicotine uptake distributions generated on the basis of published nicotine biomonitoring data, which were multiplied by the constituent/nicotine ratios determined in the current analysis. These simulations revealed extensive overlaps for the constituent uptake distributions with and without sugar application. Moreover, the differences in smoke composition did not lead to relevant changes in the activity in in vitro or in vivo assays. The potential impact of using sugars as tobacco ingredients was further assessed in an indirect manner by comparing published data from markets with predominantly American-blend or Virginia-type (no added sugars) cigarettes. No relevant difference was found between these markets for smoking prevalence, intensity, some markers of dependence, nicotine uptake, or mortality from smoking-related lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In conclusion, thorough examination of the data available suggests that the use of sugars as ingredients in cigarette tobacco does not increase the inherent risk and harm of cigarette smoking
Experimental studies on the effect of initial doses of DMBA on the respiratory tract of syrian golden hamsters
Experimental investigations on the tumorigenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skin
Autoradiographische Untersuchungen w�hrend der experimentellen Carcinomentstehung im Respirationstrakt des Goldhamsters nach Behandlung mit Di�thylnitrosamin
�ber die unterschiedliche Lungen-carcinogene Wirkung des Di�thylnitrosamin bei Hamster und Ratte
Experimental studies on the organotropic effect of nitrosamines in the respiratory tract
Die spezifische Wirkung von Oestronsulfat auf Gewebekulturen eines Hormoninduzierten Nierentumors beim Goldhamster
Studies on the removal and catabolism of cancerogenic hydrocarbons in the respiratory tract of golden hamsters exposed to smoke
Untersuchungen �ber die hormonale Abh�ngigkeit des durch Follikelhormon erzeugten Nierentumors des Goldhamsters bei der Transplantation
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