A survey of the marine environment near the city of Carmel ocean outfall

The California Department of Fish and Game and the State Water Resources Control Board (through Regional Board #3, Central Coast) entered into an agreement whereby Department biologist-divers conducted a subtidal ecological investigation of the marine environment in the vicinity of the city of Carmel ocean outfall in Carmel Bay. The objective of the study was to provide the Regional Water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) with data to assist them in evaluating the effects of the discharge on the marine environment at five stations selected by the RWQCB adjacent to the outfall terminus and two at a control area off Granite Point (Figure 1), and to provide pre-discharge data for a new discharge being constructed adjacent to the existing one. The determinations made by biologist-divers included: (i) the number and diversity of plant and animal life; (ii) substrate characteristics; and (iii) physical parameters, including water temperature and clarity. The State Water Resources Control Board reimbursed the Department for some expenses incurred during this study. The work was performed by California Department of Fish and Game biologists from the Department's research vessel KELP BASS

A survey of the marine environment near the city of Seaside ocean outfall

Department biologists, under contract for the State Water Resources Control Board, conducted a survey of the marine environment in the vicinity of the City of Seaside ocean outfall. Survey procedures included benthic grabs, diver observations, bottom trawls, and measurements of water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations. Faunal distribution appeared to be more dependent on water depth and substrate type rather than to proximity to the discharge. Water temperatures and dissolved oxygen were normal, however, a surface slick was observed in the immediate vicinity of the discharge. (22pp.

A survey of the marine environment near the Wedron Silica discharge off Asilomar, Monterey County

The California Department of Fish and Game and the State Water Resources Control Board (through Regional Board #3, Central Coast) entered into an agreement whereby Department biologist-divers conducted a subtidal ecological investigation of the marine environment in the vicinity of the Wedron Silica discharge. The objective of the study was to provide the Regional water Quality Control Board (RWQCB) with data to assist them in evaluating the effects of the discharge on the marine environment. The determinations made by biologist-divers consisted of: (i) comparative abundance and diversity of plant and animal life; (ii) substrate characteristics; and (iii) limited physical measurements, including water temperature and clarity. The State Water Resources Control Board reimbursed the Department for part of the expenses incurred during this study. (24pp.

[Introduction to] In Uncertain Times: American Foreign Policy after the Berlin Wall and 9/11

In Uncertain Times considers how policymakers react to dramatic developments on the world stage. Few expected the Berlin Wall to come down in November 1989; no one anticipated the devastating attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in September 2001. American foreign policy had to adjust quickly to an international arena that was completely transformed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Jeffrey W. Legro have assembled an illustrious roster of officials from the George H. W. Bush, Clinton, and George W. Bush administrations—Robert B. Zoellick, Paul Wolfowitz, Eric S. Edelman, Walter B. Slocombe, and Philip Zelikow. These policymakers describe how they went about making strategy for a world fraught with possibility and peril. They offer provocative reinterpretations of the economic strategy advanced by the George H. W. Bush administration, the bureaucratic clashes over policy toward the breakup of the USSR, the creation of the Defense Policy Guidance of 1992, the expansion of NATO, the writing of the National Security Strategy Statement of 2002, and the invasion of Iraq in 2003. A group of eminent scholars address these same topics. Bruce Cumings, John Mueller, Mary Elise Sarotte, Odd Arne Westad, and William C. Wohlforth probe the unstated assumptions, the cultural values, and the psychological makeup of the policymakers. They examine whether opportunities were seized and whether threats were magnified and distorted. They assess whether academicians and independent experts would have done a better job than the policymakers did. Together, policymakers and scholars impel us to rethink how our world has changed and how policy can be improved in the future.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1264/thumbnail.jp

Response to Book Review (To Lead the World: American Strategy after the Bush Doctrine

Response to Book Review (To Lead the World: American Strategy after the Bush Doctrine) We want to thank the commentators for their thoughtful and constructive remarks on our book. We think they highlight some of the key attributes of the volume and raise key issues for further reflection. In order for readers of H-Diplo to understand the comments, we want to reiterate here what we stated in the introduction to the book. We tried to bring together some of the nation’s most renowned scholars and public intellectuals from all sides of the political spectrum to focus on what should be done after the Bush administration left office. Although many of the contributors shared a view that recent foreign policy had been either disappointing or a disaster, their task was not to dwell on the past, but to focus on the future. We asked each of them to author a basic national security paper in which they identified key threats, defined overriding goals, assigned priorities to objectives, examined the tradeoffs between “interests” and values, and addressed the challenges of mobilizing domestic support for preferred policies, designing effective tactics, and re-configuring multinational institutions

Introduction

For many Americans, the past decade has been a bewildering era. They have seen their country attacked and their husbands, sons, wives, and daughters sent to war in faraway places. They have read about orange alerts and red alerts. They have waited on long lines at airport security checks. They know that defense expenditures have soared and that Homeland Security has mushroomed. They have seen gruesome daily headlines about the carnage in Iraq, the strife in Afghanistan, and the turmoil in Pakistan. They read about the suicide attacks that were prevented or aborted in Europe, and they know, darkly, that terrorists are at work from North Africa to Southeast Asia, from the United Kingdom to Russia to China. With perils abounding, Americans want a national strategy that makes sense

Dilemmas of Strategy

America’s crystal ball on strategy is murky. Officials in the next administration will face a complex world, will receive conflicting advice, and will need to mobilize domestic support for their policies. They must nonetheless act, most likely without the convenience of a single threat such as the Soviet Union during the cold war or terrorism in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. In this conclusion, our aims are to highlight the decisive issues of consensus and contention that resonate across the chapters. We seek to delineate the trade-offs involved in making choices, and we hope to illuminate the national security dilemmas that any administration must grapple with as the United States helps to shape, and is shaped by, the next stage in world politics

Conclusion: Strategy in a Murky World

Making national strategy is a byzantine business in the best of times. When dramatic events happen, when the international arena is complex and changing, when threats and opportunities are uncertain, leaders struggle to understand and react effectively. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the attacks of 9/11 opened vistas that were unfamiliar and complicated. How did U.S. leaders manage those transitions