Проект парогазовой ТЭЦ с противодавленческими турбинами

Дипломный проект 86страниц, 5рисунков, 10таблиц, 10 источников, 1 приложение, 7 листов графического материала, ТЕПЛОВАЯ СХЕМА, ПАРОГАЗОВАЯ УСТАНОВКА, КОТЕЛ-УТИЛИЗАТОР, ПАРОВАЯ ТУРБИНА СХЕМА КИП и А. Объектом исследования является парогазовый энергоблок. Цель работы – проект парогазового энергоблока. В процессе работы выполнен расчет тепловой схемы расчетный для проектирования отопления режим. режим, проектирование котла-утилизатора, технико-экономические расчеты. В результате выполнения работы показаны преимущества парогазового энергоблока на базе высокотемпературной газотурбинной установки SGT-800, проект позволяет повысить КПД энергоблока в сравнении с традиционными паросиловыми установками. Технико-экономические расчеты показали быструю окупаемость проекта и низкую себестоимость электроэнергии. Пояснительная записка выполнена в текстовом редакторе Microsoft Of- fice Word 2007, чертежи в графических редакторах Компас.Graduation project 86stranits, 5risunkov, 10tablits 10 sources 1 annex, 7 sheets of graphic material, Thermal circuit, combined cycle gas turbine, heat recovery boiler, steam turbine and instrumentation A. SCHEME The object of the research is combined-cycle unit. Objective - combined cycle power project. In the process, calculated the thermal circuit current mode for heating design. mode, design recovery boiler, technical and economic calculations. As a result of the work shows the benefits of combined cycle gas turbine power on the basis of high-temperature gas turbine SGT-800 installation, the project improves the power efficiency compared to conventional steam power plants. Technical and economic calculations have shown a rapid return on the project and the low cost of electricity. The explanatory note is made in the text editor Microsoft Of- fice Word 2007 drawing in the graphic editors Compass

sedFlow – a tool for simulating fractional bedload transport and longitudinal profile evolution in mountain streams

Especially in mountainous environments, the prediction of sediment dynamics is important for managing natural hazards, assessing in-stream habitats and understanding geomorphic evolution. We present the new modelling tool {sedFlow} for simulating fractional bedload transport dynamics in mountain streams. sedFlow is a one-dimensional model that aims to realistically reproduce the total transport volumes and overall morphodynamic changes resulting from sediment transport events such as major floods. The model is intended for temporal scales from the individual event (several hours to few days) up to longer-term evolution of stream channels (several years). The envisaged spatial scale covers complete catchments at a spatial discretisation of several tens of metres to a few hundreds of metres. sedFlow can deal with the effects of streambeds that slope uphill in a downstream direction and uses recently proposed and tested approaches for quantifying macro-roughness effects in steep channels. sedFlow offers different options for bedload transport equations, flow-resistance relationships and other elements which can be selected to fit the current application in a particular catchment. Local grain-size distributions are dynamically adjusted according to the transport dynamics of each grain-size fraction. sedFlow features fast calculations and straightforward pre- and postprocessing of simulation data. The high simulation speed allows for simulations of several years, which can be used, e.g., to assess the long-term impact of river engineering works or climate change effects. In combination with the straightforward pre- and postprocessing, the fast calculations facilitate efficient workflows for the simulation of individual flood events, because the modeller gets the immediate results as direct feedback to the selected parameter inputs. The model is provided together with its complete source code free of charge under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) (www.wsl.ch/sedFlow). Examples of the application of sedFlow are given in a companion article by Heimann et al. (2015)

Electronic structure of warm dense copper studied by ultrafast x-ray absorption spectroscopy

We use time-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy to investigate the unoccupied electronic density of states of warm dense copper that is produced isochorically through the absorption of an ultrafast optical pulse. The temperature of the superheated electron-hole plasma, which ranges from 4000 to 10 000 K, was determined by comparing the measured x-ray absorption spectrum with a simulation. The electronic structure of warm dense copper is adequately described with the high temperature electronic density of state calculated by the density functional theory. The dynamics of the electron temperature is consistent with a two-temperature model, while a temperature-dependent electron-phonon coupling parameter is necessary

Flüchtige Inhaltsstoffe aus "Flüssigzucker"

Aus Aromaanreicherungen (Dichlormethan- und Freon 11/Dichlormethan-Extrakten) verschiedener invertierter Saccharoselösungen (Invertzuckersirup, sog. „Flüssigzucker") wurden etwa 20 Inhaltsstoffe mittels GC-MS identifiziert.Der überwiegende Teil der identifizierten Komponenten entsteht bei Dehydratisierungsreaktionen aus Glucose bzw. Fructose.Das Vorkommen von 2-Hydroxyacetylfuran in Wein - eine Verbindung, die bisher weder in Süßreserven noch in Traubenmost bzw. in Weinen, die nur aus Traubenmost hergestellt wurden, nachgewiesen werden konnte - kann als ein Indiz zum Nachweis eines Zusatzes von Invertzuckerlösungen (u. a. des sog. „Flüssigzuckers") zu Traubenmost oder Wein verwendet werden.Volatile ingredients from inverted sucrose solutions ("Flüssigzucker")Approximately 20 volatile ingredients were identified by GC-MS in various inverted sucrose solutions. This was accomplished using an aroma enrichment method with Freon/dichloromethane and dichloromethane.The majority of the identified components (furan compounds) arise by dehydration reactions from glucose and fructose.The compound 2-hydroxyacetylfuran could not be found till now in wine which was fermented from grape must and also not in grape juice. Therefore the presence of 2-hydroxyacetylfuran in wine could be used as circumstantial evidence that inverted sucrose solutions (so-called "Flüssigzucker") had been added to the grape must or wine

Endosomal accumulation of APP in wobbler motor neurons reflects impaired vesicle trafficking: Implications for human motor neuron disease

Palmisano R, Golfi P, Heimann P, et al. Endosomal accumulation of APP in wobbler motor neurons reflects impaired vesicle trafficking: Implications for human motor neuron disease. BMC Neuroscience. 2011;12(1): 24.Background: The cause of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is largely unknown but hypotheses about disease mechanisms include oxidative stress, defective axonal transport, mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupted RNA processing. Whereas familial ALS is well represented by transgenic mutant SOD1 mouse models, the mouse mutant wobbler (WR) develops progressive motor neuron degeneration due to a point mutation in the Vps54 gene, and provides an animal model for sporadic ALS. VPS54 protein as a component of a protein complex is involved in vesicular Golgi trafficking; impaired vesicle trafficking might also be mechanistic in the pathogenesis of human ALS. Results: In motor neurons of homozygous symptomatic WR mice, a massive number of endosomal vesicles significantly enlarged (up to 3 mu m in diameter) were subjected to ultrastructural analysis and immunohistochemistry for the endosome-specific small GTPase protein Rab7 and for amyloid precursor protein (APP). Enlarged vesicles were neither detected in heterozygous WR nor in transgenic SOD1(G93A) mice; in WR motor neurons, numerous APP/Rab7-positive vesicles were observed which were mostly LC3-negative, suggesting they are not autophagosomes. Conclusions: We conclude that endosomal APP/Rab7 staining reflects impaired vesicle trafficking in WR mouse motor neurons. Based on these findings human ALS tissues were analysed for APP in enlarged vesicles and were detected in spinal cord motor neurons in six out of fourteen sporadic ALS cases. These enlarged vesicles were not detected in any of the familial ALS cases. Thus our study provides the first evidence for wobbler-like aetiologies in human ALS and suggests that the genes encoding proteins involved in vesicle trafficking should be screened for pathogenic mutations

Magnetic coupling in CuCr2X4 (X = S, Se) spinel compounds obtained via substitution of the chromium ions by nonmagnetic Sb or Al ions

Taking into account both the dc magnetic susceptibility and the magnetization measurements as well as the high-temperature expansion of the magnetic susceptibility procedure the hopping integrals and superexchange integrals for the first and second coordination sphere were evaluated. The two hopping integrals are positive and many times greater than the superexchange ones. The obtained results testify to that in the stoichiometric compounds under study the double-exchange magnetic interaction is the main mechanism responsible for very strong, ferromagnetic coupling. Using the total hopping integral B the bandwidth of mixed valence band of chromium ions was determined

Fremdkomponenten im Aroma von Trauben und Weinen interspezifischer Rebsorten 1. Die Erdbeernote

Mit Hilfe der GC-MS-Kopplung und der „Schnüffeltechnik" gelang es erstmals, in Aromaextrakten von Trauben und Weinen interspezifischer Neuzuchten die für die häufig auftretende Erdbeernote verantwortlichen Verbindungen, 2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-3-furanon und 2,5-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-furanon, zu identifizieren und damit die Voraussetzung für eine objektive Früherkennung dieses Fremdtones auf der Sämlingsstufe zu schaffen. Beide Verbindungen konnten weder in V.-vinifera-Sorten noch in den zur Verfügung stehenden V.-riparia-Klonen nachgewiesen werden. Dagegen kommen sie in Trauben einer anderen amerikanischen Wildart, nämlich V. labrusca, und der V.-labrusca-Kultursorte Niagara vor. Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse folgern wir, daß die als Muttersorte von Castor angegebene Sorte Vi 5861 nicht durch Selbstung von Oberlin 595 entstanden ist, sondern eine Kreuzung von Oberlin 595 mit einer V. labrusca-Erbgut enthaltenden Rebsorte darstellt.Off-flavour compounds in the berry and wine aroma of grapevine hybrids 1. The strawberry-like flavourUsing GC-MS together with the "sniffing-technique", the compounds responsible for the strawberry-like off-flavour - 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-3- furanone and 2,5-dimethyl-4-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-3-furanone - were identified for the first time in berries and wines of interspecific grapevine breedings. Thus, an objective diagnosis method can be developed in order to recognize these off-flavour compounds at the stage of the seedling.Both compounds could be detected neither in Vitis vinifera varieties nor in the various V. riparia clones examined. On the other hand, they are present in berries of the American wild species V. labrusca and in the V. labrusca cv. Niagara. From these results it is concluded that the cv. Vi 5861, the mother of the newbreeding Castor, did not originate by seif pollination from the cv. Oberlin 595, but is a crossing from Oberlin 595 and a V. labrusca descendant