Клеточная терапия при травмах спинного мозга

The opportunities and the most promising ways of using cellular technology in traumatic spinal cord injury are considered in this review. A large number of experimental and clinical studies with the use of different types of cells: embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, Schwann cells, olfactory mucosa cells, and others – was conducted. The use of these types of cells in traumatic spinal cord injury treatment often demonstrated a positive therapeutic effect: the motor and sensory function recovery of the spinal cord. However, some types of cell preparations involve some methodological and ethical problems; some types of cell therapies are ineffective or give rise to side effects. These factors complicate the selection of optimal cell therapy for the traumatic spinal cord injury treatment. The most promising cells seem to be the cells of the olfactory mucosa. Getting the olfactory mucosa is considered to be a feasible and safe procedure for patients. The clinical application of the cells of the olfactory mucosa is effective in motor function recovery due to remyelination and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. These cells are tissue-specific and autologous since they can be obtained from a patient with spinal cord injury, and after cultivation, expansion, and directed differentiation they can be transplanted to the same patient. The presented benefits of olfactory mucosa cells open up the possibility for its clinical application in the cell therapy. В обзоре уделяется внимание возможностям и наиболее перспективным направлениям клеточной терапии при травмах спинного мозга. Результаты экспериментальных работ и клинических исследований с использованием различных типов клеток ― эмбриональных стволовых, индуцированных плюрипотентных, мезенхимальных стволовых, Шванновских, клеток обонятельной выстилки и др. ― при травматических повреждениях спинного мозга во многих случаях продемонстрировали положительный терапевтический эффект с восстановлением сенсорной и моторной функций спинного мозга. Однако отмечено, что использование отдельных клеточных препаратов связано с определенными методическими и этическими проблемами, а применение некоторых типов клеток малоэффективно или приводит к нежелательным побочным эффектам. Наиболее перспективными показали себя клетки обонятельной выстилки, при этом процедура их получения доступна и безопасна для пациентов. Применение клеток обонятельной выстилки достаточно эффективно для восстановления двигательной функции вследствие ремиелинизации и регенерации аксонов после повреждения спинного мозга. Данные клетки являются тканеспецифичными и аутологичными, поскольку могут быть получены от пациента с травмой спинного мозга и после наращивания в культуре и направленной дифференцировки трансплантированы тому же самому пациенту. Такие преимущества клеток обонятельной выстилки открывают широкие возможности их применения в клеточной терапии при травмах спинного мозга

Специфика словаря учебных научно-популярных текстов

We discuss the lexical features of educational science popular texts. The science popular texts are written on scientific subjects for laymen: books, articles, notes, reviews and the essay of scientific works in newspapers and magazines, an interview of scientists, reviews of scientific life and scientific literature. The purpose of these texts is to inform readers about certain scientific ideas, discoveries and inventions. Complex scientific topics in educational science popular texts are presented in a simple language, and the main task is to familiarize students with scientific knowledge in Russian and draw attention to the scientific problem in an accessible and understandable form. In addition, the science popular text is a model for producing its own text by analogy, an incentive for oral conversations and written essays. The main methodical mission of this text is to be the main one for the formation, development and improvement of all speech skills. The science popular texts are a source to new language information and material for problem and research tasks statements of students.Подробно описаны лексические особенности учебных научно-популярных текстов. Научно-популярные тексты пишутся на научные темы для читателей, не специализирующихся в данных темах. Можно встретить их в статьях, интервью ученых, рецензиях к научным трудам, различных журналах, учебниках и учебных пособиях. Задача подобных текстов заключается в информировании читателей о тех или иных научных идеях, открытиях и изобретениях. Научно-популярные тексты играют роль посредника между специалистами различных научных сфер и читателей разных социальных и возрастных групп. В учебных научно-популярных текстах сложные научные темы излагаются простым языком, а их основной задачей является в доступной и понятной учащемуся форме ознакомить его с научными знаниями на русском языке и привлечь его внимание к научной проблеме. Кроме того, научно-популярный текст помогает продуцировать собственный текст по аналогии, стимулирует к дискуссии и письменным сочинениям. Главное методическое предназначение подобного текста - быть основой для формирования, развития и совершенствования всех речевых умений. Также научно-популярный текст служит источником новой языковой информации и материалом для постановки студентами проблемных, исследовательских задач

Parameter determination of observation station versus mining and geological conditions of subsoil use

In view of the commencement of new requirements on mining operational planning, the regulations have been set for the arrangement of observation stations for mining-induced ground surface deformation for all types of minerals. In this regard, parameter determination for survey stations at such objects of the physicochemical geotechnology as underground hydrocarbon storages is of the current concern. The regulatory and legal framework and the mining-and-geological conditions of subsoil use objects are reviewed with a special emphasis placed on the chief factors which have influence on arrangement of a deformation observation station. The observation station parameters are calculated with regard to mining-and geological conditions. As a result of the implemented research, the analytical expressions are for the first time ever obtained for determining the number of the control points of GNSS network and observation leveling network. It is found that in flat-lying beds, given no faulting, an observation station boundary can be defined by the averaged limit dip angle of the beds and by the depth of mining operations. The observation station boundaries can be delineated analytically, with regard to mining and geological conditions of a subsoil use object: area sizes of underground excavations, mining depth, averaged limit dip angle, thickness of enclosing and overlying rock masses. © 2021 Publishing house Mining book. All rights reserved

The effect of stock density on the feeding intensity and growth rate of carp underyearlings

Приведены результаты выращивания сеголетков карпа при низких плотностях по­садки. Исследования показали, что выращенные сеголетки были достаточно обеспечены естественной пищей и кормами, это отразилось на их темпе роста и конечной среднештучной массе. Полученный рыбопосадочный материал был крупным, средней массой более 40 г.The article contains the results of growing carp underyearlings with a low stock density. The studies revealed that grown underyearlings were sufficiently provided with natural food and feed; this is reflected in their growth rate and the final average specimen weight. The obtained breeding material was large-sized, with the average weight exceeding 40 g

Teaching the scientific style of the Russian language (Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics) to Foreign students at the university

This article is concerned with main problems of teaching the scientific style to foreign students. There is a need for careful selection of educational material when the teacher thinks over a particular algorithm for working with text in a foreign language using scientific and professional terms, basic grammatical and syntactical models that are typical of the Russian language. In a certain linguistic environment, nonative speakers actively acquire strong knowledge, eliminating linguistic difficulties during professionaloriented lessons. © 2018. revistaESPACIOS.com.Este artículo trata sobre los principales problemas de la enseñanza del estilo científico a estudiantes extranjeros. Existe la necesidad de una selección cuidadosa del material educativo cuando el profesor piensa en un algoritmo particular para trabajar con texto en una lengua extranjera utilizando términos científicos y profesionales, modelos gramaticales y sintácticos básicos que son típicos de la lengua rusa. En un entorno lingüístico determinado, los hablantes no nativos adquieren activamente un conocimiento sólido, eliminando las dificultades lingüísticas durante las lecciones orientadas a profesionales. © 2018. revistaESPACIOS.com

Glaucoma "landscape" in Russia, CIS and Eastern European countries: what has changed over 15 years?

A.Yu. Brezhnev1, E.A. Egorov2, V.P. Erichev3, A.V. Kuroedov2,4, P.Ch. Zavadsky5, M. Bozic6, N.N. Voronova7, M.F. Dzhumova8, N.V. Ivanova7, T.A. Imshenetskaya9, T.G. Kamenskikh10, O.I. Lebedev11, L.N. Marchenko8, A.L. Onishchenko12, N.A. Sobyanin13, V.F. Ekgardt14 1Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russian Federation 2Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation 3Krasnov Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation 4P.V. Mandryka Military Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russian Federation 5LLC "Ophthalmological Center of Karelia", Petrozavodsk, Russian Federation 6University Eye Clinic, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia 7V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Russian Federation 8Belarusian State Medical University, Minsk, Belarus 9Belarusian Medical Academy of Post-Diploma Education, Minsk, Belarus 10V.I. Razumovskiy Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russian Federation 11Omsk State Medical University, Omsk, Russian Federation 12Novokuznetsk State Institute for Advanced medical Education — Branch of Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Novokuznetsk, Russian Federation 13F.Kh. Gral City Clinical Hospital No. 2, Perm, Russian Federation 14South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation Aim: to assess the changes in clinical and epidemiological characteristics, diagnostic and treatment options of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the Russian Federation and multiple near- and far-abroad countries over the period of 2005–2020. Patients and Methods: the final protocol of this retrospective multi-center research and clinical study included 289 patients with POAG from 7 states (Russia, Belarus, Serbia, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, and Slovenia). The authors analyzed the methods used for establishing POAP diagnosis, clinical and demographic patient characteristics (gender, age and place of residence), as well as the process of glaucoma development (age of onset, disease duration and stages, intraocular pressure, ocular hypotensive medications, and the used laser and surgical procedures). All patients were divided into four groups depending on the time of making the initial diagnosis: 2004–2005, 2009–2010, 2014–2015, 2019–2020. Results: tonometry with Maklakov and Goldmann tonometers is still considered the gold standard for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) (95% of cases). The percentage of pneumotonometry increased from 40% in 2005 to 60% in 2020. Approximately a third of clinics are still using electronic tonography as a supplementary method. Static automated perimetry is a basic tool for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with POAG (more than 95% of cases). Manual kinetic perimetry (Foerster's perimetry) is used in less than 10% of cases. Ophthalmoscopy (direct and binocular) was involved in the diagnostic process in all clinics and in all cases. The range of instrumental visualization technologies includes optical coherence tomography (OCT), Heidelberg Retina Tomography (HRT), and scanning laser polarimetry. Currently, OCT is utilized in 90% of clinics. It was found out that in 2005 the standard of initial POAG diagnosis encompassed a set of Maklakov/Goldmann tonometry, ophthalmoscopy and kinetic perimetry. In 2020, this list includes Maklakov/Goldmann tonometry, pneumotonometry as a supplemental tool, static automated perimetry, ophthalmoscopy and OCT. The percentage of newly diagnosed POAG at the early stage has increased twofold over the past 15 years (from 20% in 2005 to 38% in 2020). The mean age of patients at the time of initial POAG diagnosis in 2005 was 62 (52; 67) years, in 2020 — 65 (50; 70) years, respectively (р=0.694). The proportion of prostaglandins in medication therapy increased by 20% over the past 15 years, while the proportion of beta-blockers reduced by the same percentage. The use of cholinomimetic drugs was almost discontinued. The total number of glaucoma laser surgeries has grown, and in the last decade the top priority has been given to selective laser trabeculoplasty, while the share of argon laser trabeculoplasty has decreased by 10%. The rate of primary glaucoma surgeries (trabeculectomy) keeps going down. Conclusion: a gradual and consistent implementation of high-tech diagnostic methods (static automated perimetry and OCT) in the routine practice occurred over 2005–2020. Also, there was a clear trend in more extensive use of objective data. The evolution of pharmaceutical "landscape" in the disease management is associated with an increasing proportion of more effective and safe drugs (prostaglandin analogues) and a diminishing role of beta-blockers as drugs of choice for starting therapy. The share of glaucoma surgeries as a starting strategy of POAG management was running down steadily from 2005 to 2010. Keywords: glaucoma, intraocular pressure, tonometry, perimetry, optical coherence tomography, trabeculectomy. For citation: Brezhnev A.Yu., Egorov E.A., Erichev V.P. et al. Glaucoma "landscape" in Russia, CIS and Eastern European countries: what has changed over 15 years? Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2023;23(2):73–79 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2023-23-2-73-79.&nbsp; </p