Monopolelike probes for quantitative magnetic force microscopy: calibration and application

A local magnetization measurement was performed with a Magnetic Force Microscope (MFM) to determine magnetization in domains of an exchange coupled [Co/Pt]/Co/Ru multilayer with predominant perpendicular anisotropy. The quantitative MFM measurements were conducted with an iron filled carbon nanotube tip, which is shown to behave like a monopole. As a result we determined an additional in-plane magnetization component of the multilayer, which is explained by estimating the effective permeability of the sample within the \mu*-method.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figure

Harris lines of the tibia across centuries: a comparison of two populations, medieval and contemporary in Central Europe

Objective: To determine the incidence of Harris lines in two medieval populations which inhabited the Canton of Berne, in Central Switzerland, and to compare the results with those of a contemporary population living in the same geographical area. A simplified method is described for measuring the age of the individual at the time of formation of Harris lines, with possible future applications. Design and patients: Radiographs of 112 well-preserved tibiae of skeletons of two medieval populations from the eighth to fifteenth centuries were reviewed for the incidence of Harris lines. The results were compared with those of 138 current patients living in the same geographic location in Central Switzerland. Age and gender of the medieval individual were determined using known anthropological methods. Age of bone at the time of formation of Harris lines was estimated according to the method of Maat. Results: Harris lines were found in 88 of 112 (80%) of the examined medieval skeletons and in 28 of 138 (20%) of the living individuals. Higher incidences of Harris lines were found at the age of 2years and at ages between 8 and 12years in both populations. No gender difference was found regarding the incidence of Harris lines. In both populations the occurrence of Harris lines was associated with certain diseases such as degenerative bone disease, trauma, osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral vascular diseases, rickets and bony deformities. Conclusion: A high incidence of Harris lines was found in the medieval population, perhaps reflecting difficult living and hygienic conditions, but also the poor care and neglect of the children population. Measuring the age of the individual at the time of formation of Harris lines is simple and may have future clinical applications in the paediatric population for medico-legal purposes. The application of Harris lines as a marker in follow-up of osteoporosis may need further evaluatio

How to run a brain bank. A report from the Austro-German brain bank

The sophisticated analysis of and growing information on the human brain requires that acquisition, dissection, storage and distribution of rare material are managed in a professional way. In this publication we present the concept and practice of our brain bank. Both brain tissue and information are handled by standardized procedures and flow in parallel from pathology to neuropathology and neurochemistry. Data concerning brain material are updated with clinical information gained by standardized procedures

Virtopsy: Zukunftsträchtige Forschung in der Rechtsmedizin

Computed tomography techniques have been developed over the last 10 years and have found various applications in the forensic field. The most recent development is multislice computed tomography combined with photogrammetry-based surface optical scanning and image rendering techniques. This combination of techniques can be used to produce 3-dimensional images of injury patterns for comparison with suspect weapons and also to screen for pathological conditions in the living or deceased. This technology provides a minimally invasive procedure for capturing forensically relevant images which can be produced in the courtroom. The rapid developments in imaging techniques could provide an alternative to conventional autopsy procedures in the futur

Discrimination between genotoxicity and cytotoxicity for the induction of DNA double-strand breaks in cells treated with aldehydes and diepoxides

The time-dependent dose-response relationships for the induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and for viability (evaluated by the MTT cytotoxicity test) were investigated in order to discriminate between genotoxic and cytotoxic mechanisms of DNA fragmentation. Cultured human lung epithelial cells (A549) were treated (i) with the aldehydes formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde and (ii) with the DNA-DNA interstrand crosslinkers melphalan, diepoxybutane or diepoxyoctane. Induction of DSB by formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde was seen only after cell viability was reduced to less than about 60% of the control values, indicating that DSB were the consequence of extragenomic damage and viability loss. Melphalan, diepoxybutane and diepoxyoctane induced DSB by a genotoxic mode with concentrations that did not affect cell survival: 8 h after treatment initiation both heat-labile crosslinks and DSB could be detected. Cells were not able to repair the crosslinks induced by diepoxybutane, the crosslinker with the shortest chain length. In contrast, with melphalan and diepoxyoctane, which have a longer crosslinking property considerable repair of crosslinks was observed. The molecular size distribution of the produced DNA fragments supported this mechanistic distinction. The DNA fragments generated by diepoxides were initially large, their concentration decreasing monotonously from 7 Mbp to less than 1 Mbp and were converted to smaller fragments by 72 h in the course of cell death. In contrast, DNA fragments induced by formaldehyde peaked below 1 Mbp, implicating activation of DNA-degrading enzymes. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V

A forward genetic screen with a thalamocortical axon reporter mouse yields novel neurodevelopment mutants and a distinct emx2 mutant phenotype

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The dorsal thalamus acts as a gateway and modulator for information going to and from the cerebral cortex. This activity requires the formation of reciprocal topographic axon connections between thalamus and cortex. The axons grow along a complex multistep pathway, making sharp turns, crossing expression boundaries, and encountering intermediate targets. However, the cellular and molecular components mediating these steps remain poorly understood.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To further elucidate the development of the thalamocortical system, we first created a thalamocortical axon reporter line to use as a genetic tool for sensitive analysis of mutant mouse phenotypes. The TCA-<it>tau-lacZ </it>reporter mouse shows specific, robust, and reproducible labeling of thalamocortical axons (TCAs), but not the overlapping corticothalamic axons, during development. Moreover, it readily reveals TCA pathfinding abnormalities in known cortical mutants such as <it>reeler</it>. Next, we performed an unbiased screen for genes involved in thalamocortical development using random mutagenesis with the TCA reporter. Six independent mutant lines show aberrant TCA phenotypes at different steps of the pathway. These include ventral misrouting, overfasciculation, stalling at the corticostriatal boundary, and invasion of ectopic cortical cell clusters. An outcross breeding strategy coupled with a genomic panel of single nucleotide polymorphisms facilitated genetic mapping with small numbers of mutant mice. We mapped a ventral misrouting mutant to the <it>Emx2 </it>gene, and discovered that some TCAs extend to the olfactory bulbs in this mutant. Mapping data suggest that other lines carry mutations in genes not previously known for roles in thalamocortical development.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These data demonstrate the feasibility of a forward genetic approach to understanding mammalian brain morphogenesis and wiring. A robust axonal reporter enabled sensitive analysis of a specific axon tract inside the mouse brain, identifying mutant phenotypes at multiple steps of the pathway, and revealing a new aspect of the <it>Emx2 </it>mutant. The phenotypes highlight vulnerable choice points and latent tendencies of TCAs, and will lead to a refined understanding of the elements and interactions required to form the thalamocortical system.</p> <p>See Commentary: <url>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/9/1</url></p

Evaluation of OMNIgene®•SPUTUM reagent for mycobacterial culture.

SETTING: National Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Borstel, Germany. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of OMNIgene®•SPUTUM (OM-S) reagent in comparison with a method using N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide (NALC-NaOH) with regard to mycobacterial recovery and contamination of broth and solid cultures. DESIGN: Sputum samples from patients with tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases underwent decontamination with NALC-NaOH-based (MycoDDR™) or OM-S reagent. The decontamination procedure was assigned by block randomisation. Samples were inoculated on Löwenstein-Jensen, Stonebrink and MGIT™ (Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tubes). Mycobacterial recovery from samples spiked with Mycobacterium tuberculosis following decontamination was determined. RESULTS: Eighty-five samples were randomised to NALC-NaOH and 84 to OM-S reagent. Mycobacterial recovery was significantly lower for samples processed with OM-S reagent compared with the NALC-NaOH method across all media types. Culture contamination was lower with NALC-NaOH reagent on solid media (9.4-12.9% vs. 28.6-29.8%). Growth was not observed in MGIT among samples spiked with 10 600-16 800 colony-forming units of M. tuberculosis following decontamination with OM-S reagent. CONCLUSION: Low mycobacterial recovery, especially in MGIT, observed in the present study suggests that OM-S reagent might not be compatible with the MGIT system. More extensive field evaluations of the OM-S reagent are warranted to demonstrate a significant benefit over currently used methods

Racial Profiling: Erfahrung, Wirkung, Widerstand

Racial Profiling ist eine diskriminierende und rechtswidrige polizeiliche Praxis, die nur wenig öffentliche Beachtung findet. Im Zentrum der Studie der Kollaborativen Forschungsgruppe Racial Profiling stehen Menschen in der Schweiz, für die rassistische Polizeikontrollen zum Alltag gehören. Hierzu führten wir Interviews mit Personen, die sich selbst als Schwarze*r, Person of Color, Jenische*r, Sinto*Sintezza, Rom*ni, Muslim*in, Asiat*in oder als Migrant*in bezeichnen sowie als Sexarbeiterin tätig sind. Sie alle sind von ähnlichen Formen der Kriminalisierung betroffen, unterliegen jedoch auch spezifischen polizeilichen Praktiken – je nach Geschlecht, Aufenthaltsstatus, Staatsangehörigkeit und sozioökonomischem Status. Neben den konkreten Erlebnissen kommen auch die Folgen und Wirkungen der Kontrollen für die Kontrollierten, betroffene Communitys sowie die Gesellschaft zur Sprache. Thematisiert werden zudem verschiedene Taktiken im Umgang mit der ständigen Gefahr, ins Visier der Polizei zu geraten sowie Strategien, um sich individuell, aber auch kollektiv gegen diese rassistische Praxis zur Wehr zu setzen

Comparison of an ordinal endpoint to time-to-event, longitudinal, and binary endpoints for use in evaluating treatments for severe influenza requiring hospitalization

Background/aims: The Food and Drug Administration recommends research into developing well-defined and reliable endpoints to evaluate treatments for severe influenza requiring hospitalization. A novel 6-category ordinal endpoint of patient health status after 7 days that ranges from death to hospital discharge with resumption of normal activities is being used in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for severe influenza (FLU-IVIG). We compare the power of the ordinal endpoint under a proportional odds model to other types of endpoints as a function of various trial parameters. // Methods: We used closed-form analysis and empirical simulation to compare the power of the ordinal endpoint to time-to-event, longitudinal, and binary endpoints. In the simulation setting, we varied the treatment effect and the distribution of the placebo group across the follow-up period with consideration of adjustment for baseline health status. // Results: In the analytic setting, ordinal endpoints of high granularity provided greater power than time-to-event endpoints when most patients in the placebo group had either naturally progressed to the category of hospital discharge by day 7 or were far from hospital discharge on day 7. In the simulation setting, adjustment for baseline health status universally raised power for the proportional odds model. Across different placebo group distributions of the ordinal endpoint regardless of adjustment for baseline health status, only time-to-event endpoints yielded higher power than the ordinal endpoint for certain treatment effects. // Conclusions: In this case study, the FLU-IVIG ordinal endpoint provided greater power than time-to-event, binary, and longitudinal endpoints for most scenarios of the treatment effect and placebo group distribution, including the target population studied for FLU-IVIG. The ordinal endpoint was only surpassed by the time-to-event endpoint when many patients in the placebo group were on the cusp of hospital discharge on day 7 and the follow-up period for the time-to-event endpoint was extended to allow for additional events. Our general approach for evaluating the power of several potential endpoints for an influenza trial can be used for designing other influenza trials with different target populations and for other trials in other disease areas