[Continuum of risky eating behaviors in Mexican adolescents]

OBJECTIVE: Determine the relationship between the variables of self-esteem (SE), body dissatisfaction (BD), and body mass index (BMI) in a continuum of risky eating behaviors (REB) that ranges from normal behavior to the risk of eating disorders (ED), thus facilitating early detection of adolescents with ED symptomatology and the degree to which such variables have an influence. METHODS: A total of 1 982 young women aged 15-19 were selected through stratified random sampling. Self-esteem (Pope, McHale, and Craighead scale), body dissatisfaction (Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale), and body mass index were measured. A brief REB questionnaire was administered. Three categories of REB were defined: no risk, moderate risk, and high risk. A multiple regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: A direct relationship was found between risk of REB and BD, with significant differences between the groups (P < 0.001): no risk (83.6% of sample), 54.1% had BD; moderate risk (11.9% of sample), 84.8% had BD; and high risk (4.5% of sample), 89.9% had BD. There were significant differences in SE and BMI only between the group with no risk and each of the risk groups. Self-esteem played a role in predicting REB in all the regression models evaluated, whereas BMI did not. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to identify adolescents at moderate risk of REB who have prodromic features of ED such as low SE and BD. When these features occur simultaneously, they can mediate a negative effect of BMI on REB

[Continuum of risky eating behaviors in Mexican adolescents]

OBJECTIVE: Determine the relationship between the variables of self-esteem (SE), body dissatisfaction (BD), and body mass index (BMI) in a continuum of risky eating behaviors (REB) that ranges from normal behavior to the risk of eating disorders (ED), thus facilitating early detection of adolescents with ED symptomatology and the degree to which such variables have an influence. METHODS: A total of 1 982 young women aged 15-19 were selected through stratified random sampling. Self-esteem (Pope, McHale, and Craighead scale), body dissatisfaction (Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale), and body mass index were measured. A brief REB questionnaire was administered. Three categories of REB were defined: no risk, moderate risk, and high risk. A multiple regression analysis was performed. RESULTS: A direct relationship was found between risk of REB and BD, with significant differences between the groups (P < 0.001): no risk (83.6% of sample), 54.1% had BD; moderate risk (11.9% of sample), 84.8% had BD; and high risk (4.5% of sample), 89.9% had BD. There were significant differences in SE and BMI only between the group with no risk and each of the risk groups. Self-esteem played a role in predicting REB in all the regression models evaluated, whereas BMI did not. CONCLUSIONS: It is essential to identify adolescents at moderate risk of REB who have prodromic features of ED such as low SE and BD. When these features occur simultaneously, they can mediate a negative effect of BMI on REB

Dynamics of the components of energy intake between Spanish and Mexican preschool children: Energy density and food volume in two contexts [Dinámica de los componentes de la ingesta energética entre niños preescolares de España y México: Densidad energética y volumen alimentario en dos contextos]

Objective: To determine the differences in the dynamics of dietary energy density (ED), food volume (FV) and energy intake (EI) between two groups of healthy children, in normal conditions, from Spain and Mexico. Methods: Crossectional study which analyses the habitual diet of two healthy children groups, 1-4 years old, from Reus (Spain, n = 203) and Guadalajara (Mexico, n = 147). Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall. Anthropometric data were also obtained. We estimated Z-score of weight, height and BMI, and EI (kcal/day), ED (kcal/g), FV (g/day), EI/kg body weight (kcal/kg/day) and FV/kg body weight (g/kg/day). Results: The Spanish children consumed significantly more cereals (p < 0.05), vegetables, meat, fish and eggs than the Mexican children (p < 0.001), while the latter consumed significantly more sweets (p < 0.001). The mean EI/kg body weight was 107.7 36.2 kcal/kg/day in the children from Reus, and 102.4 38.8 kcal/kg/day in the children from Guadalajara, without significant differences. While the ED was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Spanish sample (1.41 0.35 kcal/g) that in the Mexican one (1.19 0.37 kcal/g), we observed the contrary on FV per kilogram of weight: it was significantly (p < 0.001) greater in Mexicans (91.0 36.1 g/kg/day) than in Spanish (79.5 27.5 g/kg/day). Conclusion: In two populations with different contexts, the balance between energy intake and energy requirements is achieved in different ways, allowing energy intake per unit of weight and growth to be adequate. Future studies are needed to clarify the factors of a possible alteration of this equilibrium through time, in such a way, that it would probably contribute to the development of overweight and obesity in several environments

Blood pressure variability in 24 hours in obese and non-obese adolescents with breast development 4 and 5 of tanner's criteria [Variabilidad de la presion arterial en 24 horas en adolescentes obesas y no-obesas con desarrollo mamario 4 y 5 de los criterios de Tanner]

Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the blood pressure variability during 24 h by using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in a group of obese and non-obese female adolescents with breast development status 4 and 5 of Tanner's criteria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Mexico. All subjects underwent 24 h non-invasive ABPM recording device. Pubertal status was determined by breast development. Measurements: office systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR). Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, arm circumference, waist to hip ratio (W/H), and skinfold thickness measurements: triceps, subscapular, abdominal and supraspinal. Results: Fifty-nine adolescents 13-16 years old; 29 obese (BMI 31.2 � 4.0), and 30 non- obese (BMI 21.2 � 2.2). Obese vs. non-obese: Office SBP 116.9 vs. 105.9 � 9.3 mmHg (p < 0.001); ABPM in 24 h: SBP 113.8 � 6.3 vs. 107.6 � 5.7 mmHg (p < 0.001); diurnal SBP 117.3 mmHg vs. 111.2 mmHg (p < 0.001); nocturnal SBP 105.5 � 8 vs. 99.4 mmHg; absolute variability in 24 h DBP 10.0 � 1.8 vs. 8.7 � 1.5 (p < 0.003); coefficient of variation 24 h DBP 17.3 � 3 vs. 15.4 � 2.6% (p < 0.05); systolic non-dipper 16 (55.2%) vs. 9 (30%) (p < 0.05); pulse pressure 24 h 49.3 � 8 vs. 43.5 � 9 mmHg (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Obese adolescents are presenting changes in BP variability during 24-h in comparison with non-obese adolescents; it also includes higher pulse pressure. Thus, these can be early indicators for the development of hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases in the adult life

[Blood pressure variability in 24 hours in obese and non-obese adolescents with breast development 4 and 5 of Tanner's criteria]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the blood pressure variability during 24 h by using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) in a group of obese and non-obese female adolescents with breast development status 4 and 5 of Tanner's criteria. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Cardiovascular Research Institute, Mexico. All subjects underwent 24 h non-invasive ABPM recording device. Pubertal status was determined by breast development. MEASUREMENTS: office systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR). Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumferences, arm circumference, waist to hip ratio (W/H), and skinfold thickness measurements: triceps, subscapular, abdominal and supraspinal. RESULTS: Fifty-nine adolescents 13-16 years old; 29 obese (BMI 31.2+/-4.0), and 30 non- obese (BMI 21.2+/-2.2). Obese vs. non-obese: Office SBP 116.9 vs. 105.9+/-9.3 mmHg (p<0.001); ABPM in 24 h: SBP 113.8+/-6.3 vs. 107.6+/-5.7 mmHg (p<0.001); diurnal SBP 117.3 mmHg vs. 111.2 mmHg (p<0.001); nocturnal SBP 105.5+/-8 vs. 99.4 mmHg; absolute variability in 24 h DBP 10.0+/-1.8 vs. 8.7+/-1.5 (p<0.003); coefficient of variation 24 h DBP 17.3+/-3 vs. 15.4+/-2.6% (p<0.05); systolic non-dipper 16 (55.2%) vs. 9 (30%) (p<0.05); pulse pressure 24 h 49.3+/-8 vs. 43.5+/-9 mmHg (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: Obese adolescents are presenting changes in BP variability during 24-h in comparison with nonobese adolescents; it also includes higher pulse pressure. Thus, these can be early indicators for the development of hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases in the adult life

Validation of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess food groups and nutrient intake [Validación de un cuestionario semi-cuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos para determinar la ingestión de grupos de alimentos y nutrientes]

Introduction: Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) analyze average food and nutrient intake over extended periods to associate habitual dietary intake with health problems and chronic diseases. A tool of this nature applicable to both women and men is not presently available in Mexico. Objective: To validate a FFQ for adult men and women. Methods: The study was conducted on 97 participants, 61% were women. Two FFQs were administered (with a one-year interval) to measure reproducibility. To assess validity, the second FFQ was compared against dietary record (DR) covering nine days. Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). The de-attenuation of the ICC resulting from intraindividual variability was controlled. The validity analysis was complemented by comparing the classification ability of FFQ to that of DR through concordance between intake categories and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Reproducibility: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.42-0.87; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.34 and 0.82. Validity: ICC values for food groups ranged 0.35-0.84; the range for energy and nutrients was between 0.36 and 0.77. Most subjects (56.7- 76.3%) classified in the same or adjacent quintile for energy and nutrients using both methods. Extreme misclassification was <6.3% for all items. Bland-Altman plots reveal high concordance between FFQ and DR. Conclusions: FFQ produced sufficient levels of reproducibility and validity to determine average daily intake over one year. These results will enable the analysis of possible associations with chronic diseases and dietary diagnoses in adult populations of men and women