First fossil marsupials from India: early Eocene Indodelphis n. gen. and Jaegeria n. gen. from the Vastan Lignite mine, District Surat, Gujarat

We report the discovery of fossil marsupials (Didelphidae: Mammalia) from India, based on well-preserved lower molars of two taxa (Indodelphis Inoi n. gen. and n. sp. and Jaegeria cambayensis n. gen. and n. sp.) from the early Eocene (middle Ypresian, approximately 52 Ma) deposits of Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat, Gujarat, western India. These species probably represent the oldest known record of Cenozoic marsupials from Asia, and they occur in association with a diverse land mammal fauna comprising perissodactyls, artiodactyls, insectivores, proteutherians, apatotherians, bats, rodents, and several other taxa currently under study

Early eocene primates from Vastan lignite mine, Gujarat, western India

A new primate fauna of early Eocene (Ypresian, approximately 52 Ma) age is reported from the Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat, Gujarat, western India. From the Indian subcontinent, this is the oldest known Cenozoic rocord as well as the largest single sample of Eocene primates, consisting of 3 fragmentary jaws and 4 isolated upper cheek teeth. The assemblage comprises at least three, but possibly 4 taxa, of which only two are being named here, an adapiform Marcgodinotius indicus n. gen. & n. sp., and an omomyid Vastanomys gracilis n. gen. & n. sp., distinguished mainly on the basis of their lower dental formula and lower molar characteristics. The fauna indicates considerable diversity of Eocene primates in Indo-Pakistan and is important in understanding early primate evolution in Asia and the mammalian dispersal into, or out of, from India in response to changing paleogeographic settings associated with the initiation of India-Asia collision

Earliest cenozoic frogs from the Indian subcontinent: implications for out-of-India hypothesis

This paper describes the earliest Cenozoic anurans from the Indian subcontinent, recovered from the early Eocene Cambay Shale deposits (-53.5 Ma) of the Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, western India. The fauna comprises representatives of three distinct groups with Laurasian (Discoglossidae) and Gondwanan (Ranoidea and Leptodactylidae) affinities. The ranoids, previously recorded from the terminal Cretaceous of peninsular India, are particularly significant as they support an Out-of-India dispersal

El análisis de cenogramas como indicador del habitat en comunidades de mamíferos del paleogeno-neogeno a nivel global, con especial énfasis en la comunidad de mamíferos del eoceno de Cambay Shale, India

This work was supported by projects of the Spanish Ministries of Education, Science and Innovation (PGC2018-094122-B-I00; PGC2018-094955-A-I00) Referencias bibliográficas: • Alroy, J. (2000). New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology, 26(4), 707-733. 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026 • Amezua, L., Salesa, M. J., Perez, B., Pelaez-Campomanes, P., Fraile, S., Morales, J., & Nieto, M. (2000). Paleoecología. Patrimonio Paleontológico De La Comunidad De Madrid, , 155-172. • Anderson, J. F., Hall‐Martin, A., & Russell, D. A. (1985). Long‐bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs. Journal of Zoology, 207(1), 53-61. 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x • Andersson, K. (2004). Predicting carnivoran body mass from a weight-bearing joint. Journal of Zoology, 262(2), 161-172. 10.1017/S0952836903004564 • Bai, B., Wang, Y. -., & Meng, J. (2018). The divergence and dispersal of early perissodactyls as evidenced by early Eocene equids from Asia. 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[Dieta estacional de Lama guanicoe (Camelidae: Artiodactyla) en un paisaje heterogéneo de Patagonia Sur] Bosque, 34(2), 129-141. 10.4067/S0717-92002013000200002The present study is an attempt to utilize cenogram methodology (both qualitative and quantitative) to consider mammalian communities from fve early to late Eocene localities across the globe (i.e., Polecat Bench, Bighorn Basin, North America; Abbey Wood, Blackheath Formation, UK; Cambay Shale, Cambay Basin, India; Wutu Formation, Wutu Basin, China; Pondaung Formation, Myanmar) so as to provide a comparative palaeohabitat framework. It is also a frst attempt to examine the palaeohabitat of an extinct mammalian community (i.e., from Cambay Shale) in India utilizing the cenogram approach. In addition, seven extinct middle-Miocene communities (Laogou, Linxia Basin, China; Estación Imperial, Spain; Paseo de las Acacias, Spain; Arroyo del Olivar-Puente de Vallecas, Spain; Somo-saguas, Spain; Paracuellos 5, Spain; Paracuellos 3, Spain) have also been considered, in order to provide a global perspective to the climatic inferences in a temporal context. The majority of statistical calculations for Paleogene communities expose forested and humid conditions, excluding the Cambay Shale mammalian community of India. A hidden diversity within the medium to large body-size category of mammals (disguising the mammal biodiversity expected in tropical forested habitats) from Cambay Shale (western India) is a plausible cause of digression in the results. This is refected in the histograms showing relationships between proportions of mammal species in various body-mass categories. Furthermore, the results show that Neogene mammalian communities were sustained in comparatively open habitats. Diferences between occidental European and Asian localities in the canopy and humidity of the Neogene environments are also refected in our analyses.El presente estudio trata de emplear (tanto cualitativa como cuantitativamente) la metodología basada en el estudio de los cenogramas asociados a las comunidades de mamíferos presentes en cinco localidades fósiles del Eoceno inferior a superior (i.e., Polecat Bench, Cuenca de Bighorn, Norte America Abbey Wood, Formación Blackheath, Reino Unido Cambay Shale, Cuenca de Cambay, India Wutu Formation, Cuenca de Wutu, China Formación Pondaung, Myanmar), para establecer un marco comparativo paleoambiental entre ellas. Este trabajo es una primera aproximación para descifrar el paleohábitat de una comunidad de mamíferos extintos (i.e. de Cambay Shale) de la India, mediante el uso de la técnica de los cenogramas. Además, siete comunidades extintas del Mioceno medio, (Laogou, Cuenca de Linxia, China Estación Imperial, España Paseo de las Acacias, España Arroyo del Olivar-Puente de Vallecas, España Somosaguas, España Paracuellos 5, España Paracuellos 3, España) fueron incluidas en los análisis, dando así un contexto global y evolutivo a la inferencia climática del presente trabajo. En general, el análisis estadístico de los datos sugiere que las comunidades de mamíferos del Paleógeno habitaban generalmente en bosques tropicales a subtropicales, a excepción de la comunidad de mamíferos en Cambay Shale en India. Nuestros resultados refejan una diversidad oculta entre las especies de tamaño medio a grande en la comunidad de mamíferos de Cambay Shale, que parece afectar a la estructura de la comunidad, ocultando la biodiversidad de mamíferos presenten ambientes tropicales boscosos. Esto queda refejado en los histogramas que muestran el porcentaje de especies dentro de cada categoría de tamaño corporal. Así mismo, nuestros resultados también muestran que las comunidades del Neógeno ocupaban ambientes forestales más abiertos o sabanas. Además, nuestros resultados también arrojan diferencias en el grado de forestalidad y humedad entre las localidades Neógenas de la Europa occidental y las asiáticas.Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia e InnovaciónDepto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y MatemáticasFac. de EducaciónTRUEpu

Creodont and condylarth from Cambay Shale (early Eocene, ~55-54 Ma), Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, western India

This paper describes two new mammalian taxa from the basal Eocene Cambay Shale deposits of the Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, western India. One of these, a hyaenodontid creodont, pertains to a new taxon based on several dentaries (Indohyaenodon raoi n. gen. & n. sp.), and the other is an unnamed condylarth, possibly an arctocyonid, with a tribosphenic, bunodont upper molar morphology. The new finds augment the diversity of the Vastan mammal fauna significantly

Development of cenogram technique over the past six decades with some insights into the varied habitats occupied by diverse mammalian communities across Spain, China, and India transiting the middle miocene climatic optimum

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Nonetheless, the Cenogram technique (being continuously developed over the past six decades) may become an important tool to decipher any habitat change(s) of western India’s mammalian communities considering renewed palaeontological efforts within the Neogene of the region.Ministerio de Educación, Ciencia e InvestigaciónDepto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y MatemáticasFac. de EducaciónTRUEpu

New early eocene primate (Mammalia) from Vastan lignite Mine, District Surat (Gujarat), western India

We describe a primate dentary pertaining to a new taxon (Suratius robustus n. gen. &#38; n. sp., cf. Omomyidae) from the early Eocene Cambay Shale deposits of the Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, westem India

The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea

Undisputed anthropoids appear in the fossil record of Africa and Asia by the middle Eocene, about 45 Ma. Here, we report the discovery of an early Eocene eosimiid anthropoid primate from India, named Anthrasimias, that extends the Asian fossil record of anthropoids by 9–10 million years. A phylogenetic analysis of 75 taxa and 343 characters of the skull, postcranium, and dentition of Anthrasimias and living and fossil primates indicates the basal placement of Anthrasimias among eosimiids, confirms the anthropoid status of Eosimiidae, and suggests that crown haplorhines (tarsiers and monkeys) are the sister clade of Omomyoidea of the Eocene, not nested within an omomyoid clade. Co-occurence of Anthropoidea, Omomyoidea, and Adapoidea makes it evident that peninsular India was an important center for the diversification of primates of modern aspect (euprimates) in the early Eocene. Adaptive reconstructions indicate that early anthropoids were mouse–lemur-sized (≈75 grams) and consumed a mixed diet of fruit and insects. Eosimiids bear little adaptive resemblance to later Eocene-early Oligocene African Anthropoidea

Early Eocene land mammals from the Vastan Lignite Mine, District Surat (Gujarat), western India

We report the discovery of an early Eocene (middle Ypresian, approximately 52 Ma) land mammal fauna from sediments associated with the lignite deposits of Vastan Mine, District Surat, Gujarat. The fauna represents the oldest known Cenozoic land mammals from India. As presently identified, the assemblage comprises a total of 12 species, all new, representing perissodactyls (4 species placed in a new family); proteutherians (2 species representing two families); apatotherians (one species); insectivores (2 species, one belonging to a new family); artiodactyls (one species representing a new genus); rodents and bats (one species each). This is a largely endemic fauna with some holarctic elements. A detailed study of the assemblage and its implications is in progress and is expected to provide significant insight into our understanding of mammalian dispersal and India's evolving biogeographic affinities in the context of India-Asia collision

New early Eocene cambaythere (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Vastan Lignite Mine (Gujarat, India) and an evaluation of cambaythere relationships

A new collection of cambaytheres (Perissodactyla: Mammalia) from the early Eocene (Ypresian, ca. 52 Ma) deposits at the Vastan Lignite Mine, Gujarat, is described. The collection comprises both lower and upper dentitions, postcranials, and the rostrum of a new taxon (Kalitherium marinus n. gen. and n. sp.) from a higher stratigraphic level in the Vastan Lignite Mine. These specimens expand our knowledge of the cambaythere anatomy and also help to confirm their perissodactyl affinities