Evaluación de la jerarquía de cache en procesadores multinúcleo

[ES] Este proyecto se centra en la evaluación de diferentes jerarquías de cache reales (basadas en los últimos diseños de Intel) en procesadores multinúcleo. Los estudios se realizan mediante el simulador Multi2Sim para la obtención de información sobre el comportamiento de cada nivel de la jerarquía cuando el procesador ejecuta cargas multiprogramadas, que constan de diversas aplicaciones ejecutándose en núcleos distintos. La información obtenida es de diversa índole y abarca todos los niveles de la jerarquía. Posteriormente se realiza un análisis de los datos obtenidos. Inicialmente se estudia las prestaciones de las aplicaciones individuales, ejecutándolas de manera aislada en un procesador con un solo núcleo; para ir añadiendo más núcleos y complejidad a la jerarquía. El objetivo final es simular el comportamiento de jerarquías similares a las que se pueden encontrar en los procesadores comerciales recientes. Los resultados de los distintos estudios nos permite analiza cómo afecta a las prestaciones de cada aplicación el competir en el acceso a las caches compartidas con otras aplicaciones.[EN] This project focuses on the evaluation of different real cache hierarchies (based on the latest Intel designs). It uses the Multi2Sim simulator to obtain information about the utilization of each level of the hierarchy when the processor executes several applications. The information obtained covers all levels of the cache hierarchy. Initially the hierarchy of a single core processor will be studied. Then, we add more cores and increase the complexity of the cache hierarchy, in order to add more cores and complexity to the hierarchy. The ultimate goal is to simulate hierarchies close to those of recent commercial processors. Comparing the results of the different studies, we can infer how cache hierarchy contention impacts on the performance of each application.Vivas Vivas, JA. (2014). Evaluación de la jerarquía de cache en procesadores multinúcleo. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/48330.TFG

Evaluación por competencias y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de electrotecnia industrial del I.E.S.T.P. “Julio César Tello” de V.E.S.-2013

La presente investigación tuvo como problema general ¿Cuál es la relaciona entre evaluación por competencias y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de Electrotecnia Industrial del I.E.S.T.P. “Julio César Tello” de Villa El Salvador en el año 2013? y como objetivo general determinar la relación significativa y directa entre evaluación por competencias y rendimiento académico en estudiantes de Electrotecnia Industrial del I.E.S.T.P. “Julio César Tello” de Villa El Salvador en el 2013. La investigación es descriptivo – correlacional, el diseño fue no experimental y de corte transversal. La muestra es probabilística, de tipo estratificada; estuvo formado por una muestra de 40 estudiantes. Para la recolección de datos se utilizó los siguientes instrumentos la escala atribucional de competencias EAEC_M para medir la variable evaluación por competencias. Se utilizó el coeficiente estadístico Rho de Spearman, dentro de los hallazgos se encontró que existe relación entre evaluación por competencias y el rendimiento académico en estudiantes de Electrotecnia Industrial del I.E.S.T.P. “Julio Cesar Tello” de Villa El Salvador - 2013. Se obtuvo un coeficiente de correlación de Rho=0.582, con una p=0.000 (p < 0.05), con el cual se rechaza la hipótesis nula y se debe aceptar la hipótesis alterna

Evaluación del porcentaje de carbono del acero de los dientes de pala para retroexcavadora, aplicando análisis de varianza de un solo factor para verificar las propiedades físico - mecánicas de resistencia a la tracción y dureza.

El presente proyecto aplicado tiene como objetivo principal la elaboración de un nuevo acero realizando una caracterización del comportamiento de las propiedades mecánicas de resistencia a la tracción y dureza del acero con aplicaciones industriales diversas al variar únicamente el porcentaje de Carbono. La elaboración de este acero surge debido a la necesidad de satisfacer a la industria actual de materiales nacionales que cumplan con criterios de calidad y durabilidad similares a los materiales importados, los cuales son los que se utilizan comercialmente y representan altos costos en su adquisición. Él estudio partió de realizar una caracterización experimental de un acero importado que es muy utilizado industrialmente; el cual es con el que se encuentran fabricados los dientes de pala para retroexcavadora. Las pruebas experimentales de este material como la composición química, la dureza y resistencia a la tracción fueron tomadas como referencia para la elaboración del nuevo acero. Teniendo los resultados de la caracterización experimental, se procedió a realizar la formulación del nuevo acero realizando la variación de un solo factor; el porcentaje de Carbono. Una vez formulado el material, se efectuó un análisis técnico aplicando el análisis de varianza y sus resultados en cada nivel de los diferentes porcentajes de Carbono. Los datos obtenidos demuestran que la variación en el porcentaje de Carbono es el factor preponderante en la determinación de las características de dureza y resistencia a la tracción. En consecuencia, el nuevo acero formulado tiene características similares a las del acero importado y se plantea que su fabricación tenga aplicaciones industriales de uso metal mecánico y minero.The main objective of this applied project is the development of a new steel, characterizing the behavior of the mechanical properties of tensile strength and hardness of steel with diverse industrial applications by varying only the percentage of Carbon. The development of this steel arises due to the need to satisfy the current industry of domestic materials that meet criteria of quality and durability similar to imported materials, which are those that are used commercially and represent high costs in their acquisition. He studied from an experimental characterization of an imported steel that is widely used industrially; which is the one with which the backhoe loader teeth are manufactured. The experimental tests of this material such as chemical composition, hardness and tensile strength were taken as reference for the development of the new steel. Taking the results of the experimental characterization, we proceeded to make the formulation of the new steel making the variation of a single factor; the percentage of Carbon. Once the material was formulated, a technical analysis was carried out applying the analysis of variance and its results in each level of the different percentages of Carbon. The data obtained show that the variation in the percentage of Carbon is the predominant factor in the determination of hardness and tensile strength characteristics. Consequently, the new formulated steel has characteristics similar to those of imported steel and it is proposed that its manufacture has industrial applications for metal-mechanic and mining use

COVID-19, Fake News, and Vaccines: Should Regulation Be Implemented?

[EN] We analysed issues concerning the establishment of compulsory vaccination against COVID-19, as well as the role of misinformation as a disincentive-especially when published by health professionals-and citizen acceptance of measures in this regard. Data from different surveys revealed a high degree of hesitation rather than outright opposition to vaccines. The most frequent complaint related to the COVID-19 vaccination was the fear of side effects. Within the Spanish and European legislative framework, both compulsory vaccination and government regulation of FN (Fake News) appear to be feasible options, counting on sufficient legal support, which could be reinforced by additional amendment. However, following current trends of good governance, policymakers must have public legitimation. Rather than compulsory COVID-19 vaccination, an approach based on education and truthful information, persuading the population of the benefits of a vaccine on a voluntary basis, is recommended. Disagreements between health professionals are positive, but they should be resolved following good practice and the procedures of the code of ethics. Furthermore, citizens do not support the involvement of government authorities in the direct control of news. Collaboration with the media and other organizations should be used instead.Marco-Franco, JE.; Pita-Barros, P.; Vivas-Orts, D.; González-De Julián, S.; Vivas-Consuelo, D. (2021). COVID-19, Fake News, and Vaccines: Should Regulation Be Implemented?. International Journal of Environmental research and Public Health (Online). 18(2):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020744S111182Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-06/DNR_2020_FINAL.pdfMerck CEO Ken Frazier Discusses a COVID Cure, Racism, and Why Leaders Need to Walk the Talkhttps://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/merck-ceo-ken-frazier-speaks-about-a-covid-cure-racism-and-why-leaders-need-to-walk-the-talkDe las Heras-Pedrosa, C., Rando-Cueto, D., Jambrino-Maldonado, C., & Paniagua-Rojano, F. J. (2020). Exploring the Social Media on the Communication Professionals in Public Health. Spanish Official Medical Colleges Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4859. doi:10.3390/ijerph17134859Page, B. I., & Shapiro, R. Y. (1983). Effects of Public Opinion on Policy. American Political Science Review, 77(1), 175-190. doi:10.2307/1956018Public Opinion Surveys as Input to Administrative Reformhttp://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=CCNM/SIGMA/PUMA(98)48&docLanguage=EnJacobs, L. R. (1992). The Recoil Effect: Public Opinion and Policymaking in the U.S. and Britain. Comparative Politics, 24(2), 199. doi:10.2307/422278The Statistics Portal for Market Data, Market Research and Market Studieshttps://www.statista.com/Flash Eurobarometer 464: Fake News and Disinformation Onlinehttps://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/2d79b85a-4cea-11e8-be1d-01aa75ed71a1/language-enState of Vaccine Confidence in the EU 2018https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/vaccination/docs/2018_vaccine_confidence_en.pdfGlobal Attitudes on a COVID-19 Vaccine, 2020https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2020-09/global-attitudes-on-a-covid-19-vaccine-ipsos-survey-for-wef-2020.pdfEffects and Consequences of the Coronavirus (II): Advance Results. Tabulation by Sociodemographic Variableshttp://datos.cis.es/pdf/Es3302marMT_A.pdfNeumann-Böhme, S., Varghese, N. E., Sabat, I., Barros, P. P., Brouwer, W., van Exel, J., … Stargardt, T. (2020). Once we have it, will we use it? A European survey on willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The European Journal of Health Economics, 21(7), 977-982. doi:10.1007/s10198-020-01208-6Gallup-Knight Foundation: Americans see Media As Key to Democracy But Increasingly Don’t Trust Ithttps://knightfoundation.org/press/releases/gallup-knight-foundation-report-americans-see-media-as-key-to-democracy-but-increasingly-don-t-trust-it/“Fake News” Threat to Media; Editorial Decisions, Outside Actors at Faulthttps://www.monmouth.edu/polling-institute/reports/monmouthpoll_us_040218/Insider NJ Monmouth National—America Takes Sides in Social Media Warhttps://www.insidernj.com/press-release/monmouth-national-america-takes-sides-social-media-war/International Study of Valueshttps://www.fbbva.es/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Presentacion_Estudio_Valores_2019.pdfCoronavirus Special Reportshttps://www.agcom.it/osservatorio-sulla-disinformazione-onlineWhich Media Are Responsible for Spreading False or Inaccurate Information Regarding the Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Its Impact?https://www.statista.com/statistics/1111877/opinions-on-fake-news-sources-about-the-coronavirus-by-macro-region-italy/Covid-19 News and Information: Consumption and Attitudeshttps://www.ofcom.org.uk/research-and-data/tv-radio-and-on-demand/news-media/coronavirus-news-consumption-attitudes-behaviourHow to Report Misinformation Onlinehttps://www.who.int/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus/how-to-report-misinformation-online?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIj_bv-tqx7QIV5hoGAB1REwetEAAYASAAEgLpjPD_BwECovid-19 Pandemichttps://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19-pandemicFighting Disinformationhttps://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation_enTackling Online Disinformationhttps://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/tackling-online-disinformationFunded Projects in the Fight against Disinformationhttps://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation/funded-projects-fight-against-disinformation_enSocial Observatory for Disinformation and Social Media Analysishttps://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/825469European Court of Human Rights European Convention on Human Rights; 1950 with Ammendshttps://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdfThe Legal Framework to Address “Fake News”: Possible Policy Actions at the EU Levelhttps://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2018/619013/IPOL_IDA(2018)619013_EN.pdfCoronavirus: EU Strengthens Action to Tackle Disinformationhttps://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1006EEAS Special Report Update: Short Assessment of Narratives and Disinformation around the Covid-19 Pandemic (Update May–November)https://euvsdisinfo.eu/eeas-special-report-update-short-assessment-of-narratives-and-disinformation-around-the-covid-19-pandemic-update-may-november/Fighting Disinformation—COVID-19 Vaccineshttps://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/coronavirus/fighting-disinformation/Calling of an International Conference on Freedom of Informationhttps://digitallibrary.un.org/record/209774?ln=esUniversal Declaration of Human Rightshttps://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/217(III)WMA Declaration of Genevahttps://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-geneva/Hendriks. (1997). Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine: Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. European Journal of Health Law, 4(1), 89-100. doi:10.1163/15718099720521896Code of Medical Ethics Guide to Medical Ethicshttps://www.cgcom.es/sites/default/files/codigo_deontologia_medica.pdfCase-law STS 1639/2016—ECLI: ES:TS:2016:1639http://www.poderjudicial.es/search/AN/openCDocument/f9caf3b37c843044ddaedeee43551672cfe231e21f03965aCharter of Fundamental Rights of the European Unionhttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/char_2012/ojRoope, L. S. J., Buckell, J., Becker, F., Candio, P., Violato, M., Sindelar, J. L., … Clarke, P. M. (2020). How Should a Safe and Effective COVID-19 Vaccine be Allocated? Health Economists Need to be Ready to Take the Baton. PharmacoEconomics - Open, 4(4), 557-561. doi:10.1007/s41669-020-00228-5Ding, Y., Du, X., Li, Q., Zhang, M., Zhang, Q., Tan, X., & Liu, Q. (2020). Risk perception of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its related factors among college students in China during quarantine. PLOS ONE, 15(8), e0237626. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237626Dryhurst, S., Schneider, C. R., Kerr, J., Freeman, A. L. J., Recchia, G., van der Bles, A. M., … van der Linden, S. (2020). Risk perceptions of COVID-19 around the world. Journal of Risk Research, 23(7-8), 994-1006. doi:10.1080/13669877.2020.1758193Wise, T., Zbozinek, T. D., Michelini, G., Hagan, C. C., & Mobbs, D. (2020). Changes in risk perception and self-reported protective behaviour during the first week of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Royal Society Open Science, 7(9), 200742. doi:10.1098/rsos.200742Olivares-Delgado, F., Iglesias-Sánchez, P. P., Benlloch-Osuna, M. T., Heras-Pedrosa, C. de las, & Jambrino-Maldonado, C. (2020). Resilience and Anti-Stress during COVID-19 Isolation in Spain: An Analysis through Audiovisual Spots. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 8876. doi:10.3390/ijerph17238876Bavel, J. J. V., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460-471. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0884-zBaldassarre, A., Giorgi, G., Alessio, F., Lulli, L., Arcangeli, G., & Mucci, N. (2020). Stigma and Discrimination (SAD) at the Time of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6341. doi:10.3390/ijerph17176341Betsch, C. (2020). How behavioural science data helps mitigate the COVID-19 crisis. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 438-438. doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0866-

La sensibilización musical como fuente de aprendizaje en un mundo poco sonoro

This research purpose was the design of a pedagogical proposal that contributes to the musical awareness of the hearing impaired population of the Institución Educativa Normal Superior in Neiva city, as a way to contribute in the didactics of inclusive music education, applying a qualitative research methodological approach, with an exploratory, descriptive and participatory design, using documentary analysis, participant observation and interview as instruments for data collection. The sample of the study population considered 12 deaf children, out of 48 in total that exists in the afternoon session, with diversity in their hearing impairment, with whom a series of musical perception workshops were conducted, exposing them to the vibrations and qualities of music. It was found that the deaf population under study, has a great affinity with music, but little approach, because they have not been allowed to access it, much less include it in their curriculum, violating the right to attend music class with their hearing peers. In general, it is concluded that in art there are no barriers and that, undoubtedly, there are no better or worse ways of perceiving music, but simply different and equally valid for everyone, generating a search for actions that allow the acceptance of the deaf person as an individual, who, because of their linguistic difference, needs additional and specialized support.La presente investigación tuvo como finalidad el diseño de una propuesta pedagógica que contribuya a la sensibilización musical de la población con limitación auditiva de la Institución Educativa Normal Superior de la ciudad de Neiva, como un aporte a la didáctica de la educación musical inclusiva, aplicando un enfoque metodológico de investigación cualitativo, con un diseño exploratorio, descriptivo y participativo, utilizando como instrumentos de recolección de información el análisis documental, la observación participante y la entrevista. La muestra de la población en estudio, estuvo constituida por 12 niños y niñas Sordos, de 48 en total que existen en la jornada de la tarde, con diversidad en su discapacidad auditiva, con los cuales se realizó una serie de talleres de percepción musical, exponiéndolos a las vibraciones y cualidades de la música. se encontró que la población sorda en estudio, tiene una gran afinidad con la música, pero poco se acercan, debido a que no se les ha brindado la oportunidad de acceder a ella y mucho menos incluirla dentro de su currículo, vulnerado el derecho de asistir a clase de música con sus compañeros oyentes. En general se concluye que en el arte no hay barreras y que, sin duda, no existen formas mejores o peores de percibir la música, sino simplemente diferentes e igualmente válidas para todos, generando una búsqueda de acciones que permita la aceptación de la persona Sorda como un individuo, que, por su diferencia lingüística, necesita de apoyos adicionales y especializados

¿Qué información sobre salud esconde Internet? Un análisis cualitativo de su contenido

L'acostament entre el professional de la salut i el qui necessita els seus serveis és un tema d'interès per a la psicologia de la salut des que va començar com a disciplina. En el context de la societat de la informació i el coneixement apareix un nou escenari d'intervenció d'aquests dos col·lectius que és necessari conèixer. Per això s'han començat diferents propostes, però la que presenta el grup d'investigació de Psicologia de la Salut i Xarxa (PSINET) de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya s'encamina a potenciar la creació d'espais virtuals de trobada entre ambdós col·lectius (professionals de la salut i usuaris de serveis de salut). L'establiment de plataformes digitals de serveis sanitaris per als ciutadans del segle XXI passa primer per conèixer la realitat dels diferents col·lectius implicats en la relació salut i xarxa. L'objectiu que es planteja en aquest estudi se centra en el primer col·lectiu i en el descobriment del que hi ha sobre salut a Internet. Per a això, seguint una metodologia de recerca exhaustiva per Internet, s'han recollit webs sobre salut en català i castellà, i s'ha fet una anàlisi de dades textuals de la informació que contenien els webs en català. Aquesta anàlisi ha permès conèixer i descriure el prototip de web sobre salut que hi ha a la xarxa en el moment de fer l'estudi.El acercamiento entre el profesional de la salud y aquel que precisa sus servicios es un tema de interés para la psicología de la salud desde sus inicios como disciplina. En el contexto de la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento aparece un nuevo escenario de intervención de ambos colectivos que es necesario conocer. Por ello se han iniciado diferentes propuestas, pero la que presenta el grupo de investigación de Psicología de la Salud e Internet (PSINET) de la Universitat Oberta de Catalunya se encamina a potenciar la creación de espacios virtuales de encuentro entre ambos colectivos (profesionales de la salud y usuarios de servicios de salud). El establecimiento de plataformas digitales de servicios sanitarios para los ciudadanos del siglo XXI pasa primero por conocer la realidad de los diferentes colectivos implicados en la relación salud y red. El objetivo que se plantea en este estudio se centra en el primer colectivo y en el descubrimiento de aquello que existe sobre salud en Internet. Para ello, siguiendo una metodología de búsqueda exhaustiva por Internet, se han recogido webs sobre salud en catalán y castellano, y se ha realizado un análisis de datos textuales de la información que contenían las webs en catalán. Dicho análisis ha permitido conocer y describir el prototipo de web sobre salud que existe en la red en el momento de realizar el estudio.The rapprochement between the health care professional and the person requiring their help has been a subject that has been of interest to health psychology since its beginnings as a discipline. In the context of the information and knowledge society a new scenario of interaction between the two groups emerges that needs to be known. As a result, a number of different proposals have been started, but the one put forward by the Health Psychology and the Internet Research Group (PSINET) of the UOC is aimed at fostering the creation of virtual meeting spaces between the two groups (health care professionals and health matters users). The establishment of digital health care services platforms for citizens in the twenty-first century calls first for a knowledge of the reality of the different groups involved in the health and Internet relationship. The objective set out in this study focuses on the first group and on the discovery of what there is on the Internet relating to health. For this, and following an exhaustive Internet search methodology, websites on health in Catalan and Spanish have been collated and an analysis has been made of the textual data of the information contained on the Catalan websites. This analysis has enabled us to know and find out the prototype of health website that there is on the Internet at the time the study was conducted

COVID-19 Healthcare Planning: Predicting Mortality and the Role of the Herd Immunity Barrier in the General Population

[EN] Using a mathematical model for COVID-19 incorporating data on excess of mortality compared to the corresponding period of the previous year obtained from the daily monitoring of mortality in Spain (MoMo), the prediction of total number of casualties in Spain for the first outbreak has been computed. From this figure, and following a stepwise meta-analysis of available reports, the case fatality rate (CFR) and the infectious case fatality rate (IFR) for the outbreak have been estimated. As the impact of age on these rates is notable, it is proposed to include an age-related adjusted fatality ratio in future comparative analyses between studies, calculated by adjusting the results by risk ratio to a reference age band (e.g., 60-69). From the casualty figures, and the corresponding CFR and IFR ratios, the forecast of serologically positive cases in the general Spanish population has been estimated at approximately 1% (0.87-1.3%) of the samples. If the data are confirmed by the ongoing study of the Carlos III Institute, until a vaccine is found, the immunity acquired in the general population after the infectious outbreak is far from the 65-70% herd immunity required as a barrier for COVID-19.Marco-Franco, JE.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN.; González-De Julián, S.; Vivas-Consuelo, D. (2020). COVID-19 Healthcare Planning: Predicting Mortality and the Role of the Herd Immunity Barrier in the General Population. Sustainability. 12(13):1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135228S1101213Mathematical modeling draws more accurate picture of coronavirus cases 2020https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-04/mcog-mmd041020.phpRed Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica-[Spanish epidemiological surveillance network]https://www.isciii.es/QueHacemos/Servicios/VigilanciaSaludPublicaRENAVE/EnfermedadesTransmisibles/Documents/INFORMES/Informes%20COVID-19/Informe%20nº%2022.%20Situación%20de%20COVID-19%20en%20España%20a%2013%20de%20abril%20de%202020.pdfJung, S., Akhmetzhanov, A. R., Hayashi, K., Linton, N. M., Yang, Y., Yuan, B., … Nishiura, H. (2020). Real-Time Estimation of the Risk of Death from Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection: Inference Using Exported Cases. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 523. doi:10.3390/jcm9020523Linton, N., Kobayashi, T., Yang, Y., Hayashi, K., Akhmetzhanov, A., Jung, S., … Nishiura, H. (2020). Incubation Period and Other Epidemiological Characteristics of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infections with Right Truncation: A Statistical Analysis of Publicly Available Case Data. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 538. doi:10.3390/jcm9020538Rajgor, D. D., Lee, M. H., Archuleta, S., Bagdasarian, N., & Quek, S. C. (2020). The many estimates of the COVID-19 case fatality rate. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(7), 776-777. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30244-9Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., Zarebski, A., & Chowell, G. (2020). Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(10). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.10.2000180Wu, J. T., Leung, K., Bushman, M., Kishore, N., Niehus, R., de Salazar, P. M., … Leung, G. M. (2020). Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 506-510. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0822-7Hauser, A., Counotte, M. J., Margossian, C. C., Konstantinoudis, G., Low, N., Althaus, C. L., & Riou, J. (2020). Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 mortality during the early stages of an epidemic: a modeling study in Hubei, China, and six regions in Europe. doi:10.1101/2020.03.04.20031104Russell, T. W., Hellewell, J., Jarvis, C. I., van Zandvoort, K., Abbott, S., … Ratnayake, R. (2020). Estimating the infection and case fatality ratio for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) using age-adjusted data from the outbreak on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, February 2020. Eurosurveillance, 25(12). doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.12.2000256Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020). Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China. JAMA, 323(13), 1239. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., … Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. The Lancet, 395(10223), 507-513. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7Wang, X., Ma, Z., Ning, Y., Chen, C., Chen, R., Chen, Q., … Zhao, H. (2020). Estimating the case fatality ratio of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. doi:10.1101/2020.02.17.20023630Italian Task Force COVID-19. Epidemia COVID-19 [Covid-19 epidemic]https://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/bollettino/Bollettino-sorveglianza-integrata-COVID-19_26-marzo%202020.pdfUK coronavirus death toll reaches 1,789 amid data reporting concerns |World news| The Guardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/31/uk-coronavirus-death-toll-reaches-1789-amid-data-reporting-concernsCoronavirus-missing-deathshttps://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/21/world/coronavirus-missing-deaths.htmlLipsitch, M., Cohen, T., Cooper, B., Robins, J. M., Ma, S., James, L., … Murray, M. (2003). Transmission Dynamics and Control of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Science, 300(5627), 1966-1970. doi:10.1126/science.1086616Sanche, S., Lin, Y. T., Xu, C., Romero-Severson, E., Hengartner, N., & Ke, R. (2020). High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 26(7), 1470-1477. doi:10.3201/eid2607.200282WHO warns that few have developed antibodies to Covid-19https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/apr/20/studies-suggest-very-few-have-had-covid-19-without-symptomsVerity, R., Okell, L. C., Dorigatti, I., Winskill, P., Whittaker, C., Imai, N., … Ferguson, N. M. (2020). Estimates of the severity of COVID-19 disease. doi:10.1101/2020.03.09.20033357Wong, J. Y., Kelly, H., Ip, D. K. M., Wu, J. T., Leung, G. M., & Cowling, B. J. (2013). Case Fatality Risk of Influenza A (H1N1pdm09). Epidemiology, 24(6), 830-841. doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3182a67448Bendavid, E., Mulaney, B., Sood, N., Shah, S., Ling, E., Bromley-Dulfano, R., … Bhattacharya, J. (2020). COVID-19 Antibody Seroprevalence in Santa Clara County, California. doi:10.1101/2020.04.14.2006246

Simplified Mathematical Modeling of Uncertainty: Cost-Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Spain

[EN] When exceptional situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic arise and reliable data is not available at decision-making times, estimation using mathematical models can provide a reasonable reckoning for health planning. We present a simplified model (static but with two-time references) for estimating the cost-effectiveness of the Covid-19 vaccine. A simplified model provides quick assessment of the upper bound of cost-effectiveness, as we illustrated with data from Spain, and allows for easy comparisons between countries. It may also provide useful comparisons among different vaccines at the marketplace, from the perspective of the buyer. From analysis of this information, key epidemiological figures, and costs of the disease for Spain have been estimated, based on mortality. The fatality value is a robust data that can alternatively be obtained from death registers, funeral homes, cemeteries, and crematoria. Our model estimates the cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) to be 5,132 € (4,926 ¿ 5,276) as of 17 February 2021, based on the following assumptions/inputs: an estimated cost of 30 euros per dose (plus transport, storing, and administration), two doses per person, efficacy of 70% and coverage of 70% of the population. Even considering the possibility of some bias, this simplified model provides confirmation that vaccination against COVID-19 is highly cost-effective.Marco-Franco, JE.; Pita-Barros, P.; González-De Julián, S.; Sabat, I.; Vivas-Consuelo, D. (2021). Simplified Mathematical Modeling of Uncertainty: Cost-Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Spain. Mathematics. 9(5):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/math90505661159

Towards the inclusion of students with ASD in physical education: action-research in a pilot programme

La prevalencia del trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) ha aumentado en las décadas recientes. Es necesario que el profesorado atienda la diversidad presente en las aulas, teniendo en consideración las características y necesidades que presentan las personas con TEA a la hora de diseñar propuestas educativas capaces de motivar la participación de todo el alumnado. El presente trabajo relata un proceso de investigación-acción (IA) abordado en el seno de un programa piloto de sesiones de Educación Física (EF) con alumnado con TEA. El objetivo consistió en testar un programa de actividades centrado en ofrecer pautas útiles para el profesorado, aplicables tanto en sesiones ordinarias de EF, como en unidades específicas de comunicación y lenguaje. Partiendo del compromiso con el enfoque de educación inclusivo, la propuesta de actividades se hizo teniendo como base de fundamentación la legislación vigente y se analizó a través de la metodología de IA. Los resultados obtenidos concretan que orientaciones como la utilización de pictogramas explicativos de las tareas, el modelaje, la introducción de temáticas de su interés o el uso de una metodología directiva, pueden mejorar la participación y servir como referencia para el diseño de futuras propuestas de EF.The prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased in recent decades. It is necessary for teachers to attend to the diversity present in the classrooms, taking into account the characteristics and needs of people with ASD when designing educational proposals capable of motivating the inclusion of all students. The present work reports an action-research (AR) process approached within a pilot program of Physical Education (PE) sessions with students with ASD. The objective consisted of testing a program of activities focused on offering useful guidelines for teachers, applicable both in ordinary PE sessions, as well as in specific communication and language units. Based on the commitment to the inclusive education approach, the proposal of activities was based on the current legislation and analysed through the AR methodology. The results obtained show that guidelines such as the use of pictograms to explain the tasks, modelling, the introduction of topics of interest, and the use of a directive methodology can improve participation and serve as a reference for the design of future PE proposals