Scholars and Literati at the University of Perugia (1308–1800)

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the Universityof Perugia from its inception in 1308 to 1800

Direct Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling Reactions Between Organolithium or Organozinc Reagents and (Hetero)Aryl Bromides in Nonconventional Solvents

In spite of their enormous synthetic relevance, the use of highly polar organometallic reagents has been to date restricted to anhydrous conditions, inert atmosphere and low temperatures to avoid their fast decomposition and to control their reactivity. One of the most momentous challenge in organic synthesis is the replacement of harsh and volatile organic compounds by more environmentally responsible solvents.[1] Building upon our recent findings on the use of organometallics of in unconventional reaction media [e.g., the so-called deep eutectic solvents (DESs), water],[25] in this Communication we report that a wide range of alkyl- and aryllithium or organozinc reagents can undergo fast chemo- and regioselective cross-coupling reactions with (hetero)aryl bromides in the presence of a Pd catalyst, under mild reaction conditions and under air, using bulk water or DES as a privileged reaction medium, to afford the desired adducts in yields up to 98%.[6] The described protocols have been optimised so as to minimize the formation of byproducts mainly arising from a metal-halogen exchange and from a -hydride elimination reaction. This methodology opens up new vistas in the perspective of the development of a sustainable organometallic chemistry in bio-inspired solvents

Exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure: A new challenge for Cardiac Rehabilitation Community

Exercise training (ET) is strongly recommended in patients with chronic stable heart failure (HF). Moderate-intensity aerobic continuous ET is the best established training modality in HF patients. In the last decade, however, high-intensity interval exercise training (HIIT) has aroused considerable interest in cardiac rehabilitation community. In HF patients, HIIT exerts larger improvements in exercise capacity compared to moderate-continuous ET. Since better functional capacity translates into symptoms relief and improvement in quality of life in patients with HF, this training modality is collecting growing interest and consensus, not revealing major safety issues. HIIT should not replace other training modalities in HF but should rather complement them. Inspiratory muscle training, another promising training modality in patients with HF, exerts beneficial effect on inspiratory muscle strength and inspiratory endurance, on exercise capacity and quality of life. In conclusion, taking into consideration the complecity of HF syndrome, combining and tailoring different ET modalities according to each patient's baseline clinical characteristics (i.e. exercise capacity, comorbidity, frailty status, personal needs, preferences and goals) seem the most wily approach for exercise prescription

SCALABLE PALLADIUM-CATALYSED NEGISHI CROSS-COUPLING REACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANOZINC REAGENTS AND (HETERO)ARYL BROMIDES IN NONCONVENTIONAL SOLVENTS

In spite of their enormous synthetic relevance, the use of polar organometallic reagents has been to date restricted to anhydrous conditions, inert atmospheres and low temperatures to avoid their fast decomposition and to control their reactivity. One of the most momentous challenge in organic synthesis is the replacement of harsh and volatile organic compounds by more environmentally responsible solvents.[1] Building upon our recent findings on the use of organometallics in unconventional reaction media [e.g., the so-called deep eutectic solvents (DESs), water],[2 7] in this Communication we report that a wide range of alkyl- and arylzinc reagents can undergo fast chemo- and regioselective cross-coupling reactions with functionalized (hetero)aryl bromides in the presence of a Pd catalyst, under mild reaction conditions and under air, using bulk water or DES as a privileged reaction medium, to afford the desired adducts in yields up to and over 98% (Figure 1).[8] The described protocol is scalable (up to 5g), and proceed in the absence of additional ligands, and with an easy recycling of both the DES or water and the catalyst. This methodology opens up new vistas in the perspective of the development of a sustainable organometallic chemistry in bio-inspired solvents

Deep Eutectic Solvents as Non-innocent and Environmentally Responsible Reaction Media for the Divergent Synthesis of Valuable N-Heterocycles from Azides

The increasing demand for environmentally friendly chemical processes has led to the development of more efficient and profitable strategies for the preparation of heterocyclic compounds with a low ecological footprint. Over the last few years, our group focused on the sustainable synthesis of functionalized heterocycles such as tetrahydrofuran, thiophene, pyridyl and indolyl derivatives in the so-called Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs), which represent an emerging generation of bio-based solvents. In this communication, we report the divergent synthesis of a collection of valuable N-heterocycles like 2,5-diarylpyrazines, 2-aroylimidazoles, 2,4-diaroyl-6-arylpyrimidines, and 1,2,3-triazoles, which are important scaffolds in many biologically active and pharmaceutically relevant molecules,6 simply starting from substituted azides as substrates, and using DESs as both biodegradable solvents and effective catalysts, under mild conditions

Real-time feedback systems for cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: Time for a paradigm shift

N/

Mitochondrial redox signaling: a key player in aging and disease

No abstract available

Long-term efficacy and safety profile of multiple injections of intravitreal dexamethasone implant to manage diabetic macular edema: A systematic review of real-world studies

Introduction: Systematic review of real-world studies about repeated dexamethasone intravitreal implant (DEXi) 0.7 mg in diabetic macular edema management, in order to identify the effective window of time occurring between injections, the critical evaluation of efficacy of the treatment, and the relative long-term safety in the real life setting. Methods: Literature databases such as PubMed, SCOPUS, and EMBASE were used to identify reports including DEX implant injections. Results: Twenty-one peer-reviewed publications were identified. DEX implants retreatment was considered on a pro re nata (PRN) basis at any time or starting from month three or four. About 1/3 of the eyes were retreated before six months from first injection (range 0–86.7%). Mean retreatment average time was 5.3 ± 0.9 months, with an estimated average of 1.3 injections each six months. There was no statistical correlation between average retreatment time and incidence of adverse events or other variables investigated. Limited safety issues related to implants number have been found, suggesting an overall good tolerance of long-term DEXi. Conclusions: Comprehensive evaluation of real-world data suggests an average DEXi duration close to five months, following a PRN treatment strategy, including about 1/3 of patients. Repeated DEXi administration revealed an acceptable long-term efficacy/safety ratio. Keywords: Diabetic macular edema, Dexamethasone, Intravitreal implant, Systematic review, Ocular drug deliver

Regional anticoagulation with heparin of an extracorporeal CO 2 removal circuit: A case report

Background: Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal is an increasingly used respiratory support technique. As is true of all extracorporeal techniques, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal needs proper anticoagulation. We report a case of a patient at risk of bleeding complications who was treated with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal and anticoagulated with a regional technique. Case presentation: A 56-year-old Caucasian man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation required extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for severe hypercapnia and acidosis despite mechanical ventilation. The extracorporeal circuit was anticoagulated using a regional heparin technique to limit the patient's risk of bleeding due to a low platelet count. The patient underwent 96 h of effective extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal without any adverse events. He was successfully weaned from extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal. During the treatment, no bleeding complications or unexpected circuit clotting was observed. Conclusions: The use of regional heparin anticoagulation technique seems to be feasible and safe during extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal

2-Diphenylphosphinomethyl-3-methylpyrazine

The lateral metalation-electrophilic trapping reaction of alkyl-substituted pyrazines has always been challenging and poorly regioselective, with the corresponding derivatives often being isolated in moderate yield. In this contribution, we first report on the preparation of an unsymmetrically-substituted pyrazine, that is 2-diphenylphosphinomethyl-3-methylpyrazine, by subjecting to metalation with n-BuLi the commercially available 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, followed by interception of the putative lithiated benzyl-type intermediate with Ph2PCl. Such a functionalization has been successfully carried out in the absence of additional ligands, working either in THF at −78 °C or in a more environmentally friendly solvent like cyclopentyl methyl ether at 0 °C, with the desired phosphine derivative being isolated in 70–85% yield. The newly synthesized adduct has been fully characterized by means of multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques, and also by preparing a selenium derivative, which furnished single crystals that were suitable for X-ray analysis