Using video-annotation software to identify interactions in group therapies for schizophrenia: assessing reliability and associations with outcomes

BACKGROUND: Research has shown that interactions in group therapies for people with schizophrenia are associated with a reduction in negative symptoms. However, it is unclear which specific interactions in groups are linked with these improvements. The aims of this exploratory study were to i) develop and test the reliability of using video-annotation software to measure interactions in group therapies in schizophrenia and ii) explore the relationship between interactions in group therapies for schizophrenia with clinically relevant changes in negative symptoms. METHODS: Video-annotation software was used to annotate interactions from participants selected across nine video-recorded out-patient therapy groups (N = 81). Using the Individual Group Member Interpersonal Process Scale, interactions were coded from participants who demonstrated either a clinically significant improvement (N = 9) or no change (N = 8) in negative symptoms at the end of therapy. Interactions were measured from the first and last sessions of attendance (>25 h of therapy). Inter-rater reliability between two independent raters was measured. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the association between the frequency of interactive behaviors and changes in negative symptoms, assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS: Of the 1275 statements that were annotated using ELAN, 1191 (93%) had sufficient audio and visual quality to be coded using the Individual Group Member Interpersonal Process Scale. Rater-agreement was high across all interaction categories (>95% average agreement). A higher frequency of self-initiated statements measured in the first session was associated with improvements in negative symptoms. The frequency of questions and giving advice measured in the first session of attendance was associated with improvements in negative symptoms; although this was only a trend. CONCLUSION: Video-annotation software can be used to reliably identify interactive behaviors in groups for schizophrenia. The results suggest that proactive communicative gestures, as assessed by the video-analysis, predict outcomes. Future research should use this novel method in larger and clinically different samples to explore which aspects of therapy facilitate such proactive communication early on in therapy

Additional file 1: of High quality draft genome sequence of Corynebacterium ulceribovis type strain IMMIB-L1395T (DSM 45146T)

Biosynthesis of riboflavin and FAD. I: Guanosine 5’-triphosphate; II: 2,5-Diamino-6-(5-phospho-D-ribosylamino)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one; III: 5-Amino-6-(5’-phosphoribosylamino)uracil; IV: 5-Amino-6-(5’-phospho-D-ribitylamino)uracil; V: 5-Amino-6-(1-D-ribitylamino)uracil; VI: D-Ribulose 5-phosphate; VII: 2-Hyroxy-3-oxobutyl phosphate; VIII: 6,7-Dimethyl-8-(D-ribityl)lumazine; IX: Riboflavin; X: Flavin mononucleotide; XI: Flavin adenine dinucleotide; [EC:3.5.4.25]: GTP cyclohydrolase II; [EC:3.5.4.26]: diaminohydroxyphosphoribosylaminopyrimidine deaminase; [EC:1.1.1.193]: 5-amino-6-(5-phosphoribosylamino)uracil reductase; [EC:3.1.3.-]: phosphoric monoester hydrolases; [EC:4.1.99.12]: 3,4-dihydroxy 2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase; [EC:2.5.1.78]: 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase; [EC:2.5.1.9]: riboflavin synthase; [EC:2.7.1.26]: riboflavin kinase; [EC:2.7.7.2]: FAD synthase. (EPS 228 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of High-Quality draft genome sequence of the Lotus spp. microsymbiont Mesorhizobium loti strain CJ3Sym

Associated MIGS record for Mesorhizobium loti CJ3Sym. (DOC 73 kb

Additional file 2: of High-quality permanent draft genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WSM1743 - an effective microsymbiont of an Indigofera sp. growing in Australia

Annotation Summary, GenBank Accession Summary, Strain ID Summary, Plant Name Summary, Scientific Name Summary and Reference Search Summary. (DOC 78 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of High-quality permanent draft genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain WSM1743 - an effective microsymbiont of an Indigofera sp. growing in Australia

Associated MIGS record for WSM1743. (PDF 74 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of High quality permanent draft genome sequence of Phaseolibacter flectens ATCC 12775T, a plant pathogen of French bean pods

Scaffolds and contigs of Genomic DNA for Phaseolibacter flectens ATCC 12775T (Topology; linear, Read depth; 1.00). (DOCX 24 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. WSM1253; a microsymbiont of Ornithopus compressus from the Greek Island of Sifnos

Associated MIGS record. (DOC 73 kb

Absence of Genome Reduction In Diverse, Facultative Endohyphal Bacteria

<p>Supplementary material as published in <i>Microbial Genomics</i> in the following article: Absence of Genome Reduction In Diverse, Facultative Endohyphal Bacteria</p><p>DOI 10.1099/mgen.0.000101</p

Additional file 2: Table S2-S4. of High-quality draft genome sequence of Ensifer meliloti Mlalz-1, a microsymbiont of Medicago laciniata (L.) miller collected in Lanzarote, Canary Islands, Spain

Table S2. Acid responsive gene orthologs present in Ensifer strains. Table S3. The nodulation genes of Ensifer meliloti Mlalz-1. Table S4. The nitrogen fixation genes of Ensifer meliloti Mlalz-1. (DOCX 65 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of High-quality permanent draft genome sequence of Ensifer sp. PC2, isolated from a nitrogen-fixing root nodule of the legume tree (Khejri) native to the Thar Desert of India

Nodulation and N2 fixation properties of Ensifer sp. PC2 on selected legume hosts. (DOCX 17 kb