An Optimal Frequency in Ca²⁺ oscillations for stomatal closure is an emergent property of ion transport in guard cells^1[OPEN]

Oscillations in cytosolic-free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) have been proposed to encode information that controls stomatal closure. [Ca2+]i oscillations with a period near 10 min were previously shown to be optimal for stomatal closure in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but the studies offered no insight into their origins or mechanisms of encoding to validate a role in signaling. We have used a proven systems modeling platform to investigate these [Ca2+]i oscillations and analyze their origins in guard cell homeostasis and membrane transport. The model faithfully reproduced differences in stomatal closure as a function of oscillation frequency with an optimum period near 10 min under standard conditions. Analysis showed that this optimum was one of a range of frequencies that accelerated closure, each arising from a balance of transport and the prevailing ion gradients across the plasma membrane and tonoplast. These interactions emerge from the experimentally derived kinetics encoded in the model for each of the relevant transporters, without the need of any additional signaling component. The resulting frequencies are of sufficient duration to permit substantial changes in [Ca2+]i and, with the accompanying oscillations in voltage, drive the K+ and anion efflux for stomatal closure. Thus, the frequency optima arise from emergent interactions of transport across the membrane system of the guard cell. Rather than encoding information for ion flux, these oscillations are a by-product of the transport activities that determine stomatal aperture

Effects of kinetics of light-induced stomatal responses on photosynthesis and water-use efficiency

Both photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (g s ) respond to changing irradiance, yet stomatal responses are an order of magnitude slower than photosynthesis, resulting in noncoordination between A and g s in dynamic light environments. Infrared gas exchange analysis was used to examine the temporal responses and coordination of A and g s to a step increase and decrease in light in a range of different species, and the impact on intrinsic water use efficiency was evaluated. The temporal responses revealed a large range of strategies to save water or maximize photosynthesis in the different species used in this study but also displayed an uncoupling of A and g s in most of the species. The shape of the guard cells influenced the rapidity of response and the overall g s values achieved, with different impacts on A and W i . The rapidity of g s in dumbbell-shaped guard cells could be attributed to size, whilst in elliptical-shaped guard cells features other than anatomy were more important for kinetics. Our findings suggest significant variation in the rapidity of stomatal responses amongst species, providing a novel target for improving photosynthesis and water use

A guide to photosynthetic gas exchange measurements:Fundamental principles, best practice and potential pitfalls

Gas exchange measurements enable mechanistic insights into the processes that underpin carbon and water fluxes in plant leaves which in turn inform understanding of related processes at a range of scales from individual cells to entire ecosytems. Given the importance of photosynthesis for the global climate discussion it is important to (a) foster a basic understanding of the fundamental principles underpinning the experimental methods used by the broad community, and (b) ensure best practice and correct data interpretation within the research community. In this review, we outline the biochemical and biophysical parameters of photosynthesis that can be investigated with gas exchange measurements and we provide step‐by‐step guidance on how to reliably measure them. We advise on best practices for using gas exchange equipment and highlight potential pitfalls in experimental design and data interpretation. The Supporting Information contains exemplary data sets, experimental protocols and data‐modelling routines. This review is a community effort to equip both the experimental researcher and the data modeller with a solid understanding of the theoretical basis of gas‐exchange measurements, the rationale behind different experimental protocols and the approaches to data interpretation

Exploring natural genetic diversity in a bread wheat multi-founder population: Dual imaging of photosynthesis and stomatal kinetics.

A better understanding of crop phenotype under dynamic environmental conditions will help inform the development of new cultivars with superior adaptation to constantly changing field conditions. Recent research has shown that optimising photosynthetic and stomatal conductance traits holds promise for improved crop performance. However, standard phenotyping tools such as gas-exchange systems are limited by their throughput. In this work, a novel approach based on a bespoke gas-exchange chamber allowing combined measurement of the quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) with an estimation of stomatal conductance via thermal imaging, was used to phenotype a range of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, that were a sub-set of a multi-founder experimental population. Datasets were further supplemented by measurement of photosynthetic capacity and stomatal density. First, we showed that measurement of stomatal traits using our dual imaging system compared to standard IRGA methods showed good agreement between the two methods (R2=0.86) for the rapidity of stomatal opening (Ki), with the dual-imager method resulting in less intra-genotype variation. Using the dual-imaging methods, and traditional approaches we found broad and significant variation in key traits, including photosynthetic CO2 uptake at saturating light and ambient CO2 concentration (Asat), photosynthetic CO2 uptake at saturating light and elevated CO2 concentration (Amax), the maximum velocity of Rubisco for carboxylation (Vcmax), time for stomatal opening (Ki), and leaf evaporative cooling. Anatomical analysis revealed significant variation in flag leaf adaxial stomatal density. Associations between traits highlighted significant relationships between leaf evaporative cooling, leaf stomatal conductance under low (gsmin) and high (gsmax) light intensity, and the operating efficiency of PSII (Fq'/Fm'), highlighting the importance of stomatal conductance and stomatal rapidity in maintaining optimal leaf temperature for photosynthesis in wheat. Additionally, gsmin and gsmax were positively associated, indicating that potential combination of preferable traits (i.e. inherently high gsmax, low Ki and maintained leaf evaporative cooling) are present in wheat. This work highlights for the first time the effectiveness of thermal imaging in screening dynamic stomatal conductance in a large panel of wheat genotypes. The wide phenotypic variation observed suggested the presence of exploitable genetic variability in bread wheat for dynamic stomatal conductance traits and photosynthetic capacity for targeted optimisation within future breeding programs

Hypertonic saline reduces inflammation and enhances the resolution of oleic acid induced acute lung injury

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hypertonic saline (HTS) reduces the severity of lung injury in ischemia-reperfusion, endotoxin-induced and ventilation-induced lung injury. However, the potential for HTS to modulate the resolution of lung injury is not known. We investigated the potential for hypertonic saline to modulate the evolution and resolution of oleic acid induced lung injury.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were used in all experiments. <b><it>Series 1 </it></b>examined the potential for HTS to reduce the severity of evolving oleic acid (OA) induced acute lung injury. Following intravenous OA administration, animals were randomized to receive isotonic (Control, n = 12) or hypertonic saline (HTS, n = 12), and the extent of lung injury assessed after 6 hours. <b><it>Series 2 </it></b>examined the potential for HTS to enhance the resolution of oleic acid (OA) induced acute lung injury. Following intravenous OA administration, animals were randomized to receive isotonic (Control, n = 6) or hypertonic saline (HTS, n = 6), and the extent of lung injury assessed after 6 hours.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In <b><it>Series I</it></b>, HTS significantly reduced bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophil count compared to Control [61.5 ± 9.08 versus 102.6 ± 11.89 × 10³ cells.ml^-1]. However, there were no between group differences with regard to: A-a O2 gradient [11.9 ± 0.5 vs. 12.0 ± 0.5 KPa]; arterial PO2; static lung compliance, or histologic injury. In contrast, in <b><it>Series 2</it></b>, hypertonic saline significantly reduced histologic injury and reduced BAL neutrophil count [24.5 ± 5.9 versus 46.8 ± 4.4 × 10³ cells.ml^-1], and interleukin-6 levels [681.9 ± 190.4 versus 1365.7 ± 246.8 pg.ml^-1].</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the potential for HTS to reduce pulmonary inflammation and enhance the resolution of oleic acid induced lung injury.</p

Enhanced thylakoid photoprotection can increase yield and canopy radiation use efficiency in rice

High sunlight can raise plant growth rates but can potentially cause cellular damage. The likelihood of deleterious effects is lowered by a sophisticated set of photoprotective mechanisms, one of the most important being the controlled dissipation of energy from chlorophyll within photosystem II (PSII) measured as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Although ubiquitous, the role of NPQ in plant productivity remains uncertain because it momentarily reduces the quantum efficiency of photosynthesis. Here we used plants overexpressing the gene encoding a central regulator of NPQ, the protein PsbS, within a major crop species (rice) to assess the effect of photoprotection at the whole canopy scale. We accounted for canopy light interception, to our knowledge for the first time in this context. We show that in comparison to wild-type plants, psbS overexpressors increased canopy radiation use efficiency and grain yield in fluctuating light, demonstrating that photoprotective mechanisms should be altered to improve rice crop productivity

Apnea of prematurity: from cause to treatment

Apnea of prematurity (AOP) is a common problem affecting premature infants, likely secondary to a “physiologic” immaturity of respiratory control that may be exacerbated by neonatal disease. These include altered ventilatory responses to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and altered sleep states, while the roles of gastroesophageal reflux and anemia remain controversial. Standard clinical management of the obstructive subtype of AOP includes prone positioning and continuous positive or nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation to prevent pharyngeal collapse and alveolar atelectasis, while methylxanthine therapy is a mainstay of treatment of central apnea by stimulating the central nervous system and respiratory muscle function. Other therapies, including kangaroo care, red blood cell transfusions, and CO2 inhalation, require further study. The physiology and pathophysiology behind AOP are discussed, including the laryngeal chemoreflex and sensitivity to inhibitory neurotransmitters, as are the mechanisms by which different therapies may work and the potential long-term neurodevelopmental consequences of AOP and its treatment

Reconciling the stratigraphy and depositional history of the Lycian orogen-top basins, SW Anatolia

Terrestrial fossil records from the SWAnatolian basins are crucial both for regional correlations and palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. By reassessing biostratigraphic constraints and incorporating new fossil data, we calibrated and reconstructed the late Neogene andQuaternary palaeoenvironments within a regional palaeogeographical framework. The culmination of the Taurides inSWAnatolia was followed by a regional crustal extension from the late Tortonian onwards that created a broad array of NE-trending orogen-top basins with synchronic associations of alluvial fan, fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The terrestrial basins are superimposed on the upper Burdigalian marine units with a c. 7 myr of hiatus that corresponds to a shift from regional shortening to extension. The initial infill of these basins is documented by a transition from marginal alluvial fans and axial fluvial systems into central shallow-perennial lakes coinciding with a climatic shift from warm/humid to arid conditions. The basal alluvial fan deposits abound in fossil macro-mammals of an early Turolian (MN11–12; late Tortonian) age. The Pliocene epoch in the region was punctuated by subhumid/humid conditions resulting in a rise of local base levels and expansion of lakes as evidenced by marsh-swamp deposits containing diverse fossilmammal assemblages indicating late Ruscinian (lateMN15; late Zanclean) ageWe are grateful for the support of the international bilateral project between The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) and The Russian Scientific Foundation (RFBR) with grant a number of 111Y192. M.C.A. is grateful to the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA) for a GEBIP (Young Scientist Award) grant. T.K. and S.M. are grateful to the Ege University Scientific Research Center for the TTM/002/2016 and TTM/001/2016 projects. M.C.A., H.A., S.M. and M.B. have obtained Martin and Temmick Fellowships at Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden). F.A.D. is supported by a Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Scientific Research Grant. T.A.N. is supported by an Alexander-von-Humboldt Scholarship. L.H.O. received support from TUBITAK under the 2221 program for visiting scientists

Public Health Rep

14900363PMCnul