Magnetska rezonancija kao dio šireg pristupa dijagnostici epileptičnog napadaja u pasa - dva slučaja hidrocefalusa u pasa s višestrukim epileptičnim napadajima

This paper describes two cases of hydrocephalus in dog. Both dogs were presented at the Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, after having experienced cluster seizures and status epilepticus, respectively. In each dog physical and neurological examination was performed, revealing no abnormalities. Complete laboratory workup and urinalysis were included for each dog and all results were within reference range. Both dogs underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and through this procedure a diagnosis of hydrocephalus was established. Anticonvulsive therapy and therapy against increased intracranial pressure was introduced in both dogs. Treatment resulted in marked clinical improvement.U radu su prikazana dva slučaja hidrocefalusa u pasa. Psi su dovedeni na Kliniku za unutarnje bolesti Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu nakon epileptičnih napadaja koji su se javljali u nizu, tj. kao status epilepticus. Oba su psa bila podvrgnuta općoj kliničkoj pretrazi te neurološkom pregledu prilikom kojih nisu otkrivena odstupanja od normale. Sve hematološke i biokemijske vrijednosti te nalazi analize mokraće nalazili su se unutar referentnih vrijednosti. U oba je psa provedena magnetska rezonancija kojom je postavljena dijagnoza hidrocefalusa. Pacijenti su podvrgnuti antikonvulzivnoj terapiji te terapiji za smanjenje intrakranijalnog tlaka, nakon čega je uslijedilo znatno kliničko poboljšanje

Aktivnost proteina C kod babezioze pasa

One of the numerous complications which could occur in babesiosis of dogs is disturbance in the coagulation system. The protein C pathway is one of the three major anticoagulant mechanisms and its activity was investigated in dogs with babesiosis, before and after therapy. We determined the decrease of protein C activity, which could be the consequence of inflammatory cytokines releasing, reduced synthesis in the liver, or increased erythropoietin production. Decrease in number of red blood cells and haematocrit could be due to mechanical, immuno-mediated or toxic-mediated haemolysis. Activity of aspartate-aminotransferase and alanine-aminotransferase and total bilirubin concentration was increased, indicating cellular damage of the liver.Jedna od mnogobrojnih komplikacija koja se može javiti kod babezioze pasa je poremećaj u sustavu grušanja krvi. Protein C je jedan od tri glavna čimbenika antikoagulacije, a njegova aktivnost je istraživana u pasa s babeziozom, prije i nakon terapije. Zabilježen je pad aktivnosti proteina C, što može biti posljedica oslobađanja upalnih citokina, smanjene sinteze u jetri ili povećane proizvodnje eritropoietina. Sniženje broja eritrocita i hematokrita može biti rezultat mehaničke ili imunološki posredovane hemolize ili hemolize uzrokovane oslobađanjem toksina. Aktivnost aspartat-aminotransferaze i alanin-aminotransferaze i koncentracija ukupnog bilirubina bila je povećana, što upućuje na oštećenja jetrenih stanica

Referentni intervali za hematološke i biokemijske parametre u odraslog hrvatskog posavca

The aim of the study was to establish breed-specific hematological and biochemical reference intervals (RI) for Croatian Posavac horses. Strict criteria were established for inclusion of reference subjects, blood specimen collection and handling. Blood samples from 125 healthy, adult Croatian Posavac horses of both sexes (94 mares and 31 stallions) were used to determine RIs. Statistical analysis was performed according to the 2012 ASVCP guidelines for nonparametric RIs. RIs for hematological parameters from this study were quite compatible with RIs for warmblood horses for 11 out of the 20 measured parameters. The reported biochemical RIs in our study agree well with RIs for a mixed population of Croatian coldblood breeds, except for LDH, GGT and ALP. The RI for total protein and albumin differ substantially from the published RIs, and from a clinical viewpoint further investigation is warranted. The RIs established in this study provide a useful baseline for the clinical assessment of hematological and biochemical data of Croatian Posavac horses.Svrha ovoga istraživanja bila je utvrditi referentne intervale za hematološke i biokemijske parametre u konja pasmine hrvatski posavac. Postavljeni su strogi kriteriji odabira konja za istraživanje te sakupljanja i postupka s uzorcima krvi. Uzorci krvi od 125 zdravih odraslih posavaca oba spola (94 kobile i 31 pastuha) korišteni su za određivanje referentnih intervala. Statistička analiza učinjena je u skladu s preporukom ASVCP-a iz 2012. za neparametrijske referentne intervale. Dobivene vrijednosti referentnih intervala za biokemijske parametre iz našega istraživanja u skladu su s referentnim intervalima objavljenim za dvije hrvatske hladnokrvne pasmine zajedno, osim za LDH, GGT i ALP. Referentni interval za ukupne proteine i albumine u našem istraživanju u velikoj mjeri odstupa od dosad objavljenih referentnih intervala i smatramo da je potrebno provesti dodatna istraživanja. Referentni intervali utvrđeni u ovom istraživanju korisna su osnova u kliničkoj interpretaciji nalaza hematoloških i biokemijskih pretraga u hrvatskog posavca

Sindrom sustavnoga upalnoga odgovora i sindrom višestrukog zatajivanja organa u pasa s babeziozom

Canine babesiosis caused by Babesia canis canis is one of the commonest canine diseases in Croatia, especially in the area of capital city, Zagreb. Babesiosis is a multi-system disease and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) develops from systemic inflfl ammatory response syndrome (SIRS), which is a hallmark of babesiosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to conduct detailed research of the incidence of SIRS and MODS as well as organ systems involvement in a large number of dogs naturally infected with B. canis canis in Croatia. Out of 332 dogs with canine babesiosis, 226 dogs (68 percent) fulfilled the SIRS criteria and were considered as SIRS positive. Among them 151 dogs (67%) fulfilled two SIRS criteria, 66 dogs (29%) fulfilled three criteria and only 9 dogs (4%) fulfilled all four SIRS criteria. Thirty-three dogs (10%) fulfilled the MODS criteria. Among them 22 dogs (66%) had two organ involvement, 10 dogs (31%) had three organ involvement and in only 1 dog (3%) four organ dysfunction was present. The incidence of organ involvement in MODS was as follows: renal dysfunction (30/33), liver dysfunction (20/33), muscle involvement (19/33), lung dysfunction (16/33), cerebral involvement (3/33). Among MODS positive dogs, 22 dogs died and 11 dogs survived babesiosis. In dogs with two organ involvement, survival was 45%, in dogs with three organ involvement survival was 10%, while in the group with four organ dysfunction mortality was 100%. It can be concluded that in cases of canine babesiosis caused by B. canis canis, in which MODS developed, an unfavourable outcome should be taken into consideration.Babezioza uzrokovana praživotinjom Babesia canis canis jedna je od najčešćih bolesti pasa u Hrvatskoj, osobito u području oko glavnoga grada Zagreba. Babezioza je bolest koja zahvaća više organskih sustava, a sindrom višestrukoga zatajenja organa (engl. multiple organ dysfunction syndrome) razvija se iz sindroma sustavnog upalnog odgovora (engl. systemic infl ammatory response syndrome), koji je karakterističan za babeziozu. Cilj ovoga rada bio je proučiti pojavnost sindroma sustavnog upalnog odgovora i sindroma višestrukoga zatajenja organa na velikom broju pasa koji boluju od babezioze, kao i učestalost zahvaćenosti pojedinih organskih sustava u sindromu višestrukoga zatajenja organa. Od 332 psa s potvrđenom babeziozom 226 pasa (68%) razvilo je sindrom sustavnog upalnog odgovora. Od njih je 151 pas (67%) ispunio 2 kriterija, 66 pasa (29%) ispunilo je 3 kriterija, dok su u 9 pasa (4%) bila ispunjena sva četiri kriterija. Trideset i tri psa ispunila su kriterije za sindrom višestrukoga zatajenja organa. Od njih su 22 psa (66%) imala zahvaćena po dva organska sustava, 10 pasa (31%) imalo je zahvaćena tri organska sustava, dok je samo 1 pas (3%) imao zahvaćena četiri organska sustava. Najčešće zahvaćeni organski sustavi u sindromu višestrukoga zatajenja organa bili su: uropoetski sustav (30/33), jetra (20/33), mišićje (19/33), dišni sustav (16/33) i središnji živčani sustav (3/33). Od pasa koji su razvili sindrom višestrukoga zatajenja organa 22 su uginula dok ih je 11 preživjelo babeziozu. Preživljavanje pasa u kojih su bila zahvaćena 2 organska sustava bilo je 45%, sa zahvaćena 3 organska sustava bilo je 10%, dok je smrtnost sa zahvaćena 4 organska sustava iznosila 100%. Na temelju rezultata se može zaključiti da je razvoj sindroma višestrukoga zatajenja organa u babeziozi pasa prognostički značajan i da u slučaju da se sindrom razvije raste i vjerojatnost nepovoljnog ishoda

Unilateralna ureteralna opstrukcija u tvora - prikaz slučaja.

A four-year old castrated male ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented with a 1-week history of gastrointestinal signs. The ultrasonographic findings showed mild right pelvic dilatation and hydroureter with obstruction at the ureterovesical junction. Conservative treatment resulted in clinical but no ultrasonography improvement. Three months later the ferret was presented with signs of gastrointestinal disease. Ultrasonography revealed progression of the process to mild hydronephrosis and further dilatation of the right ureter. Excretory urography confirmed the finding. Laboratory findings indicated renal failure with proteinuria. Ureteroneocystotomy was performed. A small amount of sludgy material was found at the ureteropelvic junction. The ferret died 4 months later due to pneumonia. Necropsy revealed multifocal tubulointerstitial lymphoplasmacytic nephritis.Četverogodišnji kastrirani muški tvor (Mustela putorius furo) doveden je na kliniku zbog gastrointestinalnih simptoma. Ultrazvučni nalaz pokazao je blagu dilataciju desne bubrežne zdjelice i hidroureter s opstrukcijom na razini ureterovezikalnog spoja. Provedeno je konzervativno liječenje koje je dovelo do kliničkog poboljšanja, ali ne i do poboljšanja nalaza dobiveno ultrazvukom. Nakon tri mjeseca tvor je ponovno doveden na kliniku zbog općih znakova bolesti. Pri ponovljenoj ultrazvučnoj pretrazi utvrđena je progresija procesa u blagu hidronefrozu i izraženiju dilataciju desnog uretera. Dijagnoza je potvrđena i ekskrecijskom urografijom. Laboratorijski su nalazi jednoznačno upućivali na zatajenje bubrega s proteinurijom. Da bi se spriječila daljnja oštećenja desnoga bubrega učinjena je ureteroneocistotomija. Na mjestu opstrukcije pronađena je mala količina gustoga muljavog materijala. Tvor je otpušten na kućnu njegu, a četiri mjeseca poslije uginuo je od upale pluća. Patohistološki je nalaz utvrdio multifokani tubulointersticijski limfoplazmacitni nefritis

Meningitis-arteritis u kuje izlječiv steroidima - prikaz slučaja

This paper describes in detail the case of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis (SRMA) in a dog. The dog was presented at the Clinic for Internal Diseases due to high fever with anorexia that lasted for five days, reluctance to move, hunched stance and stiffness that responded only moderately to antibiotics and a combination of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administered by the referring veterinarian. The dog was fully clinically and neurologically examined and revealed fever and extreme neck pain. Complete laboratory workup and urinalysis were included. The dog underwent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling and analysis. The diagnosis of steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis was established. Adequate therapy was instituted which resulted in clinical resolution of the disease.Rad prikazuje slučaj meningitis-arteritisa u kuje izlječivog steroidima. Kuja je dovedena na Kliniku za unutarnje bolesti zbog višednevne visoke temperature, inapetencije, nevoljkog kretanja, ukočenoga hoda, zgrbljenoga stava i promijenjenoga ponašanja. Kuja je pokazivala samo djelomično kliničko poboljšanje na liječenje antibioticima te steroidnim i nesteroidnim protuupalnim lijekovima. Životinja je klinički i neurološki pregledana. Ustanovljena je povišena temperatura te izrazita bolnost pri pasivnom pokretanju vrata. Učinjene su laboratorijske pretrage krvi i mokraće. Nakon toga učinjena je punkcija likvora te njegova analiza. Postavljena je dijagnoza meningitis-arteritisa koji reagira na steroide. Započeto je odgovarajuće liječenje koje je završilo izlječenjem

Acido-bazni status u pasa oboljelih od babezioze uzrokovane vrstom Babesia canis

Acid-base disturbances have been reported in severe canine babesiosis caused by Babesia rossi (B. rossi), but they have not been studied in babesiosis caused by B. canis. The objective of this study was to determine the acid-base status, blood gases and electrolyte concentrations in naturally occurring canine babesiosis caused by B. canis, and to compare the results to those in healthy dogs. Two groups of animals were used: group 1 consisted of 10 healthy dogs, and group 2 consisted of 14 dogs naturally infected with B. canis. The following acid-base disturbances occurred in the dogs with naturally occurring babesiosis: half of the dogs had a mixed acid-base disorder, and the other half a simple acid-base disorder. The most common mixed disorder was metabolic acidosis with metabolic alkalosis. It may be said that a variety of acid-base disorders occurs in canine babesiosis. The dogs in the present study had metabolic acidosis due to hyperlactemia and hyperchloremia, metabolic alkalosis due to hypochloremia and hypoalbuminemia, and respiratory alkalosis due to hypoxemia. With the use of the strong-ion difference approach clearer recognition of mixed acid-base disorders and their better understanding is possible.Poremećaji acido-baznog statusa opisani su u pasa oboljelih od babezioze uzrokovane vrstom Babesia rossi (B. rossi), no nisu istraživani u slučajevima babezioze u pasa uzrokovane vrstom B. canis. Cilj je istraživanja bio utvrditi acido-bazni status u pasa oboljelih od babezioze uzrokovane vrstom B. canis. U istraživanju su korištene dvije skupine životinja: prvu skupinu činilo je deset zdravih pasa, dok je drugu skupino činilo 14 pasa oboljelih od babezioze. U pasa prirodno inficiranih vrstom B. canis pojavili su se sljedeći poremećaji acido-bazne ravnoteže: polovica pasa imala je mješoviti poremećaj acido-bazne ravnoteže, dok je druga polovica imala jednostavni poremećaj acido-bazne ravnoteže. Najčešći mješoviti poremećaj bila je metabolička acidoza s metaboličkom alkalozom. Uzroci metaboličke acidoze bili su hiperlaktemija i hiperkloremija, metaboličke alkaloze hipokloremija i hipoalbuminemija, a respiratorne alkaloze hipoksemija. Zaključno se može reći da psi oboljeli od babezioze uzrokovane vrstom B. canis razvijaju poremećaj acido-baznog statusa te da se na temelju razlike jakih iona mješoviti poremećaji acido-bazne ravnoteže mogu jasnije razlikovati i bolje razumjeti

Hipoadrenokorticizam u pasa – „Ludi Šeširdžija veterinarske medicine“

Hypoadrenocorticism arises from insufficient adrenal gland function and is also known as Addison’s disease, a rarely occurring disease (0.1%) in dogs. Due to its oscillatory course and overall nonspecific symptoms, it is a diagnostic challenge for clinicians, and is often misdiagnosed or unattended among other differentials. There are two forms of hypoadrenocorticism: primary and secondary. The aim of this study was to analyse the data of dogs suffering from Addison’s disease, treated at the Clinic for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia and to compare them with data from similar institutions worldwide. The archive of Clinic for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia was searched to investigate and statistically analyse signalment, clinical and laboratory data, and the duration of symptoms, treatment protocols and outcome of canine hypoadrenocorticism. The study group included 14 dogs (36% male and 64% female) diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism. All dogs had a history of gastrointestinal symptoms, i.e. vomiting in 100%, diarrhoea in 64% and melena in 7%. Hypovolemic shock was noted in 57%, hypothermia in 64% and bradycardia in 29% of cases. The most frequently observed laboratory abnormalities were an increase in BUN (86%), creatinine (57%) and potassium concentration (79%), and a decrease in sodium (71%), Na/K ratio (86%), cholesterol (21%) and glucose concentration (21%). Duration of symptoms (till ACTH stimulation test performance) was broad, from 2 – 2190 days (median 90±1195.5 days). The outcome was favourable in 100% cases after initiation of adequate treatment.Pod pojmom hipoadrenokorticizam podrazumijevamo smanjenu funkciju nadbubrežne žlijezde, a sama bolest je poznata i pod nazivom Addisonova bolest. Hipoadrenorticizam je bolest koja se u pasa rijetko javlja s učestalošću od oko 0,1 %. Zbog kombinacije nespecifičnih simptoma i njihova osciliranja predstavlja dijagnostički izazov te se smatra bolešću čija se u veterinarskoj medicini dijagnoza najčešće previdi. Postoji primarni i sekundarni oblik bolesti. Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio detaljno analizirati podatke pasa s Addisonovom bolešću zaprimljenih u Kliniku za unutarnje bolesti Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te ih usporediti s podatcima iz sličnih institucija u svijetu. Detaljno su pretraženi podatci arhive klinike, a analizirani su i statistički obrađeni klinički i laboratorijski parametri, vrijeme trajanja simptoma te terapijski protokoli i ishod u pasa s hipoadrenokorticizmom. Istraživanu skupinu činilo je 14 pasa s hipoadrenokorticizmom od kojih 36 % mužjaka i 64 % ženki. U svih pasa zabilježeni su recidivirajući simptomi od strane probavnog sustava, od kojih se u 100 % slučajeva javljalo povraćanje, u 64 % proljev, a u 7 % melena. Klinički je u 57 % pasa uočen hipovolemični šok, u 64 % pasa hipotermija, a u 29 % bradikardija. Od laboratorijskih pretraga najčešća odstupanja bila su povećanje koncentracije ureje (86 %), kreatinina (57 %), hiperkalemija (79 %), hiponatremija (71 %), smanjeni Na/K omjer (86 %), hipoholesterolemija (21 %) te hipoglikemija (21 %). Trajanje simptoma do provedbe ACTH-stimulacijskog testa iznosilo je 2 - 2190 dana (prosječno 90±1195 dana), a nakon uvođenja adekvatne terapije ishod je u svih pasa bio povoljan