29 research outputs found
What Does Ecological Farming Mean for Farm Labour?
Summary: Ecological farming, such as organic and lowâinput farming, is gaining popularity in the public discourse. One question is how this type of farming may impact farm labour from a socioâeconomic point of view. The article first discusses how lowâinput farming practices (i.e. with lower reliance on inputs derived from fossil fuels) may affect the economic returns to labour, measured as the farmâs revenue per hour of labour input, on data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) in 2004ââ2015 for four European countries. Returns to labour appear to be highest at the two extremes â very lowâinput farms and highly intensive farms. Farms in the lowâinput end of the spectrum are in the minority, while the overwhelming majority of farms are intensive and have internal economic incentives to intensify further. The article also analyses how working conditions differ between organic and conventional dairy farms in two European countries based on interviews with farmers in 2019. Results show that all dimensions of working conditions are affected by being an organic farm or not, but this is not the only factor. There are many influences on working conditions, such as the production context and workforce composition
Secretory granule neuroendocrine protein 1 (SGNE1) genetic variation and glucose intolerance in severe childhood and adult obesity
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>7B2 is a regulator/activator of the prohormone convertase 2 which is involved in the processing of numerous neuropeptides, including insulin, glucagon and pro-opiomelanocortin. We have previously described a suggestive genetic linkage peak with childhood obesity on chr15q12-q14, where the 7B2 encoding gene, <it>SGNE1 </it>is located. The aim of this study is to analyze associations of <it>SGNE1 </it>genetic variation with obesity and metabolism related quantitative traits.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We screened <it>SGNE1 </it>for genetic variants in obese children and genotyped 12 frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Case control analyses were performed in 1,229 obese (534 children and 695 adults), 1,535 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 1,363 controls, all French Caucasians. We also studied 4,922 participants from the D.E.S.I.R prospective population-based cohort.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We did not find any association between <it>SGNE1 </it>SNPs and childhood or adult obesity. However, the 5' region SNP -1,701A>G associated with higher area under glucose curve after oral glucose tolerance test (p = 0.0005), higher HOMA-IR (p = 0.005) and lower insulinogenic index (p = 0.0003) in obese children. Similar trends were found in obese adults. SNP -1,701A>G did not associate with risk of T2D but tends to associate with incidence of type 2 diabetes (HR = 0.75 95%CI [0.55â1.01]; p = 0.06) in the prospective cohort.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p><it>SGNE1 </it>genetic variation does not contribute to obesity and common forms of T2D but may worsen glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, especially in the background of severe and early onset obesity. Further molecular studies are required to understand the molecular bases involved in this process.</p
What Does Ecological Farming Mean for Farm Labour?
Summary: Ecological farming, such as organic and lowâinput farming, is gaining popularity in the public discourse. One question is how this type of farming may impact farm labour from a socioâeconomic point of view. The article first discusses how lowâinput farming practices (i.e. with lower reliance on inputs derived from fossil fuels) may affect the economic returns to labour, measured as the farmâs revenue per hour of labour input, on data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) in 2004ââ2015 for four European countries. Returns to labour appear to be highest at the two extremes â very lowâinput farms and highly intensive farms. Farms in the lowâinput end of the spectrum are in the minority, while the overwhelming majority of farms are intensive and have internal economic incentives to intensify further. The article also analyses how working conditions differ between organic and conventional dairy farms in two European countries based on interviews with farmers in 2019. Results show that all dimensions of working conditions are affected by being an organic farm or not, but this is not the only factor. There are many influences on working conditions, such as the production context and workforce composition
Estimation de la frĂ©quentation de tourisme et de loisirs des sites naturels d'intĂ©rĂȘt patrimonial
Les exploitations avec Ă©quins dans lâagriculture française: Reflet des Ă©volutions de la filiĂšre Ă©quine au XXIĂšme siĂšcle
International audienceAprĂšs avoir Ă©tĂ© les compagnons de travail des agriculteurs jusquâĂ la seconde guerre mondiale, les chevaux et Ăąnes ont failli disparaitre complĂštement de lâagriculture avec sa mĂ©canisation et sa motorisation. Les plans de relance du ministĂšre chargĂ© de lâagriculture durant la seconde moitiĂ© du XXĂšme siĂšcle ont permis de conserver les principales races locales de chevaux de trait pour une production de viande, et de dĂ©velopper un Ă©levage de chevaux et poneys pour la pratique de lâĂ©quitation de sport et de loisir, le secteur des courses (trot et galop) se maintenant grĂące aux paris hippiques. Ainsi, au dĂ©but du XXIĂšme siĂšcle, la question se pose de la place des productions Ă©quines dans lâagriculture : production pour lâalimentation humaine, diversification vers des activitĂ©s de loisirs, ou encore productions Ă haute valeur ajoutĂ©e pour les compĂ©titions Ă©questres et les courses. Pour essayer de rĂ©pondre Ă cette question, nous avons analysĂ© les exploitations agricoles avec Ă©quins (EAE) dans les 3 derniers recensements agricoles : 2000, 2010 et 2020, en distinguant les grands types de cheptels Ă©quins recensĂ©s : chevaux de selle et de courses (non distinguĂ©s avant 2020), chevaux de trait et Ăąnes. Alors que le cheptel Ă©quin, estimĂ© au niveau national, a oscillĂ© ces 20 derniĂšres annĂ©es autour dâun million de tĂȘtes, les effectifs recensĂ©s au niveau agricole dĂ©clinent : de prĂšs de 450 000 en 2000, Ă 434 000 en 2010 et seulement 312 000 en 2020. ParallĂšlement, le nombre dâEAE passe de 81 000 en 2000 Ă 55 000 en 2010, malgrĂ© la reconnaissance du statut agricole Ă toutes les activitĂ©s liĂ©es aux Ă©quins en 2005, puis Ă 27 000 en 2020, du fait des critĂšres plus restrictifs du recensement 2020 affectant les structures les plus petites et celles nâayant pas ou peu de naissances en Ă©quins. Ainsi, les petits dĂ©tenteurs (de 1 Ă 3 Ă©quidĂ©s), qui reprĂ©sentaient 63% des EAE en 2000, nâen reprĂ©sentent plus que 40% en 2020, tandis que le nombre moyen dâĂ©quins par exploitation a plus que doublĂ© sur la pĂ©riode, passant de 5,5 tĂȘtes en 2000 Ă 11,8 en 2020. En revanche, la rĂ©partition par type de cheptel des EAE dĂ©tenant 4 Ă©quidĂ©s ou plus, Ă©volue peu : le secteur selle-course reste largement majoritaire sur les 3 recensements, avec plus des 2/3 des EAE, tandis que le secteur trait varie autour de 15%, et celui des Ăąnes de 4 Ă 6 % des EAE. Ces poids relatifs des types de race dĂ©tenus par les EAE reflĂštent les chiffres de la filiĂšre au niveau national (IFCE, 2024). Pour mieux comprendre les Ă©volutions au cours de la pĂ©riode 2000-2020, nous avons analysĂ© les trajectoires des EAE identifiĂ©es Ă partir des numĂ©ros SIRET. Ainsi, sur 48 570 EAE avec SIRET en 2000, 40% ne sont plus prĂ©sentes dans le RA 2010, 30% nâont plus dâĂ©quins et seuls 30% se maintiennent avec des Ă©quins en 2010. Par contre, sur les 25 015 EAE prĂ©sentes avec SIRET en 2020, 46% Ă©taient recensĂ©es avec Ă©quins en 2010, 20% recensĂ©es sans Ă©quins et 34% nâĂ©taient pas recensĂ©es en 2010. Lâanalyse plus fine de ces trajectoires montrent que les EAE selle reprĂ©sentent prĂšs de 42% des EAE apparues en 2020. Globalement, on constate des ratios EAE sans pouliniĂšres/ EAE avec pouliniĂšres plus Ă©levĂ©s au fil des recensements, notamment sur les EAE avec chevaux de selle qui nâavaient pas dâĂ©quins en 2010, reflet probable dâune diversification vers des activitĂ©s de type pension ou valorisation des Ă©quidĂ©s. Tandis que 2/3 des EAE avec trait en 2020 Ă©taient dĂ©jĂ prĂ©sentes en 2010, prĂšs de 20% des EAE avec Ăąnes nâavaient pas dâĂ©quins en 2010, et on constate une augmentation de la concentration des EA avec Ăąnes dans le sud et sur les massifs.Ainsi, les productions Ă©quines dans lâagriculture suivent les tendances nationales de la filiĂšre, qui voit la prĂ©dominance du secteur selle-course. Les EAE recensĂ©es en 2020 sont pour un tiers dâentre elles des structures rĂ©centes, signe que cette filiĂšre, non alimentaire pour lâessentiel, se dĂ©veloppe au sein du secteur agricole
Does the diversity of the French territories impact farms keeping equines?
International audienc
Ăvaluation de lâimpact de la gratuitĂ© des transports en commun sur leur frĂ©quentation. Application au cas de Clermont Auvergne MĂ©tropole
International audienceIn a context marked by climate change and, more broadly, by a profound environmental crisis, the transport sector and household mobility are at the heart of territorial transition issues. In response to these challenges, in France and abroad, local authorities are increasingly using fare-free public transport, to encourage modal shift and also to meet a social objective of improving mobility for the most disadvantaged people. However, there is little scientific research to assess the real impact of this measure. This paper analyses the effect of the free weekend public transport measure launched in December 2022 by Clermont Auvergne Metropole. We use an econometric model comparing public transport ridership before andafter the measure for the same public transport line and direction, at the same stop, during the same time period and on the same day of the weekend (Saturday or Sunday). Estimates are based on ticket validation data before the measure and manual counts after. In order to isolate the effect of the free transport measure, we introduce control variables relating to the main determinants of public transport ridership (e.g. public transport supply, fuel prices, weather data). We also introduce variables controlling for the potential effects of the Covid-19 crisis on household mobility. Our results show that free-fare public transport has led to an increase in weekend ridership of 47 % on the routes and stops observed. We also find that themeasure effect is greater for the tramway line than for the bus lines. To our knowledge, this study is the first econometric analysis of the effect of free public transport applied to a French city.En France comme Ă lâĂ©tranger, les collectivitĂ©s territoriales recourent de maniĂšre croissante Ă la gratuitĂ© des transports en commun pour rĂ©pondre Ă des objectifs sociaux et/ou environnementaux. Or, peu de travaux scientifiques Ă©valuent les effets rĂ©els de cette mesure. Nous analysons lâeffet de la mesure de gratuitĂ© le week-end mise en place par Clermont Auvergne MĂ©tropole en 2021. Pour cela, nous utilisons un modĂšle Ă©conomĂ©trique basĂ© sur une comparaison de la frĂ©quentation des transports en commun avant et aprĂšs la mise en place de la mesure et contrĂŽlons lâeffet des principaux dĂ©terminants de la demande de transport en commun. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent que, sur les lignes et arrĂȘts analysĂ©s, la gratuitĂ© a entrainĂ© une hausse de 47 % de la frĂ©quentation le week-end. Nos rĂ©sultats indiquent Ă©galement que lâeffet de la gratuitĂ© est plus Ă©levĂ© pour le tramway que pour les lignes de bus
Les exploitants agricoles avec équins, des références pour les structures de la filiÚre équine ?
International audienc
Patterns of larval hostplant usage among hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) from La RĂ©union, with a comparison of the Mascarenes with other regions of the world
The hawkmoth fauna of La RĂ©union is largely the result of colonization from Mauritius and Madagascar. These species will have arrived with preadapted ecologies, including larval hostplant preferences. Here we investigate these preferences to determine whether they have been conserved or have adapted to local constraints. Using Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA), we compare the hostplant spectra of six widespread, polyphagous species (Acherontia atropos, Agrius convolvuli, Coelonia fulvinotata, Daphnis nerii, Hippotion celerio, H. gracilis) and show that generally they utilize the full spectrum of available plant families, any restriction reflecting absence of particular families from La RĂ©union rather than specialization. However, although Daphnis nerii is found on several Apocynaceae (Nerium, Ochrosia, Pachypodium, Tabernaemontana)
on La RĂ©union, it seems to avoid the abundant species, Thevetia peruviana. Also, Coelonia fulvinotata seems to have developed an association with the invasive alien, Lantana camara, even though several other potential recorded hostplants also occur on the island. In some instances, absence of records in the region may also be due to a lack of field observations. We also analysed the known global host ranges of all species of the 11 sphingid genera on La RĂ©union. We found principal hostplant associations are conserved across geographical regions, although there may be local preferences, and that these associations may be taxonomic (Acherontia, Agrius and Coelonia are preferentially associated with Euasterids I) or phytochemical (Nephele densoi, associated with two taxonomically distinct lactiferous families).ModĂšles dâutilisation des plantes-hĂŽtes par les larves de sphinx (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) Ă la RĂ©union, avec une comparaison des Mascareignes avec dâautres rĂ©gions du monde. â Les espĂšces de sphingides de la RĂ©union sont en grande partie originaire de Maurice et de Madagascar dâoĂč elles ont migrĂ© avec probablement des prĂ©adaptations Ă©cologiques, notamment des prĂ©fĂ©rences pour des plantes-hĂŽtes. Dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude on cherche Ă savoir si les prĂ©fĂ©rences alimentaires sont conservĂ©es ou bien si elles rĂ©sultent dâadaptations Ă des contraintes locales. Ă lâaide dâAnalyses Factorielle des Correspondances (AFC), on a comparĂ© le spectre de plantes-hĂŽtes de six espĂšces polyphages Ă large distribution (Acherontia atropos, Agrius convolvuli, Coelonia fulvinotata, Daphnis nerii, Hippotion celerio, H. gracilis) et on constate quâelles utilisent gĂ©nĂ©ralement le spectre de familles de plantes-hĂŽtes disponible, les restrictions observĂ©es correspondant le plus souvent Ă lâabsence de familles botaniques Ă la RĂ©union plutĂŽt quâĂ une spĂ©cialisation alimentaire. On peut noter cependant que Daphnis nerii a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ© sur plusieurs genres dâApocynacĂ©es (Nerium, Ochrosia, Pachypodium, Tabernaemontana) mais semble, Ă la RĂ©union, peu frĂ©quent sur Thevetia peruviana, une espĂšce commune appartenant Ă la mĂȘme famille. De mĂȘme Coelonia fulvinotata a Ă©tĂ© observĂ© sur Lantana camara, une exotique invasive, alors que dâautres plantes-hĂŽtes potentielles sont prĂ©sentes sur lâĂźle. Lâanalyse factorielle des donnĂ©es sur les plantes-hĂŽtes se rapportant aux espĂšces distribuĂ©es dans les 11 genres de sphinx prĂ©sents Ă la RĂ©union a permis de constater que les principales associations avec les plantes-hĂŽtes sont conservĂ©es dans
lâaire de distribution de ces espĂšces, bien que des spĂ©cificitĂ©s alimentaires puissent exister localement. Les
associations montrent clairement lâexistence dâun conservatisme taxinomique (Acherontia, Agrius et Coelonia sont associĂ©s de prĂ©fĂ©rence avec des Euasterids I) ou sont de nature phytochimique (Nephele densoi est associĂ© Ă deux familles lactifĂšres appartenant Ă des sous-classes botaniques distinctes).AttiĂ© Marc, Kitching Ian J., Veslot Jacques. Patterns of larval hostplant usage among hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae) from La RĂ©union, with a comparison of the Mascarenes with other regions of the world. In: Revue d'Ăcologie (La Terre et La Vie), tome 65, n°1, 2010. pp. 3-44