A HAYEKIAN VIEW ON EUROPEAN UNION

The aim of this paper is to develop some general Hayek’s ideas on the European project. Hayek demonstrated and analyzed the presence of two types of social order - a spontaneous order and a built one. Spontaneous order is a feature of society and economic development around a principle of human action coordinator. European project represents the spontaneous order through the founding principles of the four freedoms - free movement of persons, goods, services and capital. With many regulations, bureaucracy, this order is closer to the order constructed by that social engineering. Following Hayek’s ideas I tried to emphasize some issues at European level and to achieve a correlation with the european reality and Hayekian theory.spontaneous order, rule of law, freedom, institutions

The Impact of Rules on Economic Activity

The aim of this paper is to present the importance of the rules, the importance of those rules that influence economic activity. It will be presented the institutions starting from the "rules of the game" until the "rule of law". Then it will be explained the concept of "spontaneous order" and the importance of that order in society. For a good economic activity, we need a “good governance”. It will be explained what this means good governance and how addiction affects about institutional change

Trends in the Management of Non-Vestibular Skull Base and Intracranial Schwannomas

The aim of this review is to analyze the latest trends in the management of nonvestibular skull base and intracranial schwannomas in order to optimize tumor control and quality of life. Non-vestibular cranial nerve schwannomas are rare lesions, representing 5-10% of cranial nerve schwannomas. Management decisions should be individualized depending on tumor size, location and associated functional deficits. Generally, large sized schwannomas exerting significant mass effect with increased intracranial pressure are treated surgically. In some cases, even after optimal skull base resection, it is not possible to achieve a gross total resection because tumor location and extent and/or to reduce morbidity. Thus, subtotal resection followed by stereotactic radiosurgery or fractioned radiotherapy offers an alternative approach. In certain cases, stereotactic radiosurgery or radiotherapy alone achieves good tumor control rates and less morbidity to gross total resection. Finally, given the slow growth rate of most of these tumors, observation with periodic radiographic follow-up approach is also a reasonable alternative for small tumors with few, if any, symptoms.Peer reviewe

Recovery of dialysis patients with COVID-19 : health outcomes 3 months after diagnosis in ERACODA

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related short-term mortality is high in dialysis patients, but longer-term outcomes are largely unknown. We therefore assessed patient recovery in a large cohort of dialysis patients 3 months after their COVID-19 diagnosis. Methods. We analyzed data on dialysis patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from 1 February 2020 to 31 March 2021 from the European Renal Association COVID-19 Database (ERACODA). The outcomes studied were patient survival, residence and functional and mental health status (estimated by their treating physician) 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. Complete follow-up data were available for 854 surviving patients. Patient characteristics associated with recovery were analyzed using logistic regression. Results. In 2449 hemodialysis patients (mean ± SD age 67.5 ± 14.4 years, 62% male), survival probabilities at 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis were 90% for nonhospitalized patients (n = 1087), 73% for patients admitted to the hospital but not to an intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 1165) and 40% for those admitted to an ICU (n = 197). Patient survival hardly decreased between 28 days and 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis. At 3 months, 87% functioned at their pre-existent functional and 94% at their pre-existent mental level. Only few of the surviving patients were still admitted to the hospital (0.8-6.3%) or a nursing home (∼5%). A higher age and frailty score at presentation and ICU admission were associated with worse functional outcome. Conclusions. Mortality between 28 days and 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis was low and the majority of patients who survived COVID-19 recovered to their pre-existent functional and mental health level at 3 months after diagnosis

A Hayekian View on European Union

The aim of this paper is to develop some general Hayek’s ideas on the European project. Hayek demonstrated and analyzed the presence of two types of social order - a spontaneous order and a built one. Spontaneous order is a feature of society and economic development around a principle of human action coordinator. European project represents the spontaneous order through the founding principles of the four freedoms - free movement of persons, goods, services and capital. With many regulations, bureaucracy, this order is closer to the order constructed by that social engineering. Following Hayek’s ideas I tried to emphasize some issues at European level and to achieve a correlation with the european reality and Hayekian theory

The Impact of Rules on Economic Activity

The aim of this paper is to present the importance of the rules, the importance of those rules that influence economic activity. It will be presented the institutions starting from the "rules of the game" until the "rule of law". Then it will be explained the concept of "spontaneous order" and the importance of that order in society. For a good economic activity, we need a “good governance”. It will be explained what this means good governance and how addiction affects about institutional change.Rules, governance, path dependence, order, institutions

The Ciliary Margin Zone of the Mammalian Retina Generates Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina of lower vertebrates grows continuously by integrating new neurons generated from progenitors in the ciliary margin zone (CMZ). Whether the mammalian CMZ provides the neural retina with retinal cells is controversial. Live imaging of embryonic retina expressing eGFP in the CMZ shows that cells migrate laterally from the CMZ to the neural retina where differentiated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) reside. Because Cyclin D2, a cell-cycle regulator, is enriched in ventral CMZ, we analyzed Cyclin D2−/− mice to test whether the CMZ is a source of retinal cells. Neurogenesis is diminished in Cyclin D2 mutants, leading to a reduction of RGCs in the ventral retina. In line with these findings, in the albino retina, the decreased production of ipsilateral RGCs is correlated with fewer Cyclin D2+ cells. Together, these results implicate the mammalian CMZ as a neurogenic site that produces RGCs and whose proper generation depends on Cyclin D2 activity

Reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior en Traumatología: Técnicas Avanzadas y Resultados a largo plazo

Introduction: ACL reconstruction is one of the most performed surgical procedures in recent years, which is why the best technique has been modified, from only an extra-articular repair to a reconstruction as anatomical as possible, in order to provide functional stability to the joint. Development: The development addresses the background and evolution of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, explains the classification, type of graft to be used according to its advantages and disadvantages. In addition, anterior cruciate ligament injuries are discussed. Concluding with future lines of research with respect to the subject matter addressed in the article. Conclusions: Ligament injuries are traumatic entities that usually affect young patients. In order to achieve a satisfactory result in the treatment it is necessary to know its anatomy, classification, type of graft to be used according to its advantages and disadvantages. Complications in this condition can be surgical and medical.Introducción: La reconstrucción del LCA es uno de los procedimientos quirúrgicos más realizados en los últimos años, es por ello que la mejor técnica se ha ido modificando, desde sólo una reparación extra articular a una reconstrucción lo más anatómica posible, con la finalidad de brindar estabilidad funcional a la articulación   Desarrollo: El desarrollo aborda los antecedentes y evolución de la reconstrucción de ligamento cruzado anterior, se explica la clasificación, tipo de injerto a emplear según sus ventajas y desventajas. Además, se aborda lesiones del ligamento cruzo anterior. Concluyendo con las futuras líneas de investigación con respecto a la temática abordada en el artículo.   Conclusiones: Las lesiones del ligamento son entidades traumáticas que afectan por lo general a pacientes jóvenes. Para lograr un resultado satisfactorio en el tratamiento es necesario el conocimiento de su anatomía, clasificación, tipo de injerto a emplear según sus ventajas y desventajas. Las complicaciones en esta afección pueden ser de tipo quirúrgica y médica