The Climate of Medieval Madrid as Deduced From Documents and the “Libro de la Montería” (14th-16th Centuries)

El presente trabajo pretende analizar cuáles eran las características climáticas que se sucedían en Madrid y su Tierra a lo largo del año, fundamentalmente entre los siglos XIV y XVI. Se intentará comprobar, dentro de las limitaciones que impone la documentación de la época, si en aquel tiempo se daba también un clima mediterráneo, o no, y si este ha variado mucho desde entonces. Igualmente se podrá comprobar algo que tal vez podría, aunque no debería, sorprendernos: el hombre medieval tenía muy claros muchos conceptos meteorológicos y climatológicos, aunque siempre aprehendidos con una finalidad práctica, para aplicarlos en su vida cotidiana tan cercana y dependiente de la naturaleza.This paper analyses climatic characteristics in Madrid and surroundings throughout the year between the 14th and 16th centuries. Within the constraints imposed by the contemporary documentation available, the aim is to determine whether or not a Mediterranean climate existed in the Middle Ages, and if the characteristics of this climate have changed. In addition, I shall demonstrate that medieval people had a clear understanding of meteorological and climatic concepts, although these were applied for practical purposes in a daily life closely associated with nature and the environment

Poblamiento, señorialización y conflictos en Madrid y su tierra en la baja Edad Media

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Historia Antigua, Medieval, Paleografía y Diplomática. Fecha de lectura: 21-09-200

Effectiveness of Fosfomycin for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Bacteremic Urinary Tract Infections

IMPORTANCE The consumption of broad-spectrum drugs has increased as a consequence of the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli. Finding alternatives for these infections is critical, for which some neglected drugs may be an option. OBJECTIVE To determine whether fosfomycin is noninferior to ceftriaxone or meropenem in the targeted treatment of bacteremic urinary tract infections (bUTIs) due to MDR E coli. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This multicenter, randomized, pragmatic, open clinical trial was conducted at 22 Spanish hospitals from June 2014 to December 2018. Eligible participants were adult patients with bacteremic urinary tract infections due to MDR E coli; 161 of 1578 screened patients were randomized and followed up for 60 days. Data were analyzed in May 2021. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized 1 to 1 to receive intravenous fosfomycin disodium at 4 g every 6 hours (70 participants) or a comparator (ceftriaxone or meropenem if resistant; 73 participants) with the option to switch to oral fosfomycin trometamol for the fosfomycin group or an active oral drug or pa renteral ertapenem for the comparator group after 4 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinical and microbiological cure (CMC) 5 to 7 days after finalization of treatment; a noninferiority margin of 7% was considered. RESULTS Among 143 patients in the modified intention-to-treat population (median [IQR] age, 72 [62-81] years; 73 [51.0%] women), 48 of 70 patients (68.6%) treated with fosfomycin and 57 of 73 patients (78.1%) treated with comparators reached CMC (risk difference, -9.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI, -21.5 to infinity percentage points; P = .10). While clinical or microbiological failure occurred among 10 patients (14.3%) treated with fosfomycin and 14 patients (19.7%) treated with comparators (risk difference, -5.4 percentage points; 1-sided 95% CI. -infinity to 4.9; percentage points; P = .19), an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations occurred with fosfomycin vs comparators (6 discontinuations [8.5%] vs 0 discontinuations; P = .006). In an exploratory analysis among a subset of 38 patients who underwent rectal colonization studies, patients treated with fosfomycin acquired a new ceftriaxone-resistant or meropenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria at a decreased rate compared with patients treated with comparators (0 of 21 patients vs 4 of 17 patients [23.5%]; 1-sided P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that fosfomycin did not demonstrate noninferiority to comparators as targeted treatment of bUTI from MDR E coli; this was due to an increased rate of adverse event-related discontinuations. This finding suggests that fosfomycin may be considered for selected patients with these infections

Los señoríos de Barajas y La Alameda en la edad media bajo los linajes Mendoza y Zapata

In 1369, Barajas became a village of the nobility even though it had been before a place that belonged to Madrid and the kings of Castile. Barajas was the lordship of the lineages Mendoza and Zapata. This village will be the «capital» of the State of the Zapatas. This State is made up of the place of Barajas, the also important place of La Alameda and the less important places of Torrejoncillo de la Ribera and Fuentidueña. This article mainly studies the Zapatas in the Middle Ages, with interesting news about this family that expands or corrects other works published about this lineage.En 1369, Barajas pasó de ser una aldea madrileña de jurisdicción realenga a una villa nobiliaria, bajo el linaje de los Mendoza y posteriormente de los Zapata. Esta Villa será la «capital» del Estado señorial de esta última familia, que se compondrá también del relevante lugar de La Alameda y los más pequeños núcleos de Torrejoncillo de la Ribera y Fuentidueña. En este artículo se estudia fundamentalmente a los Zapata en la Baja Edad Media, presentando interesantes novedades y ampliando o rectificando otros trabajos que, con aciertos importantes, contenían también numerosas lagunas y errores acerca de esta estirpe. Asimismo, se analiza a estos linajes y sus señoríos en el contexto señorializador de la época