Divisão entre frações: resolução e discussão de tarefas e de caso de ensino em um curso de licenciatura em matemática

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar as análises de uma atividade composta por três situações – duas tarefas e um caso de ensino – , realizada durante uma pesquisa com estudantes de licenciatura em matemática de uma Universidade particular paulista. O objetivo foi identificar conhecimentos profissionais dos futuros professores sobre os significados da divisão entre frações. Baseada nos níveis de conhecimento de Ball, Thames e Phelps, nos modelos de divisão de Ma e nos significados da divisão de Pinto e Monteiro, a tarefa analisada concentrou-se nos modelos de divisão estipulados por Pinto e Monteiro como a “divisão como medida” e “partilha”. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida de acordo com conceitos de Design Experiment. A análise dos dados foi feita qualitativamente. Os resultados revelaram que os participantes representam corretamente tanto as frações por meio da partição em figuras indicadas como a expressão da situação problematizada. No entanto, falta-lhes conhecimento para lidar com questões que exigiam a identificação da unidade de referência. Observou-se, ainda, a (re)significação de conhecimentos necessários ao ensino da divisão entre frações a partir das reflexões realizadas durante o experimento

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

“Difference” in the Police Department: Women, Policing, and “Doing Gender”

In this chapter, the author reviews the concept of gender “difference” in relation to the criminal justice system. The author argues that the acceptance of women as different and the practice of doing gender, although initially allowing women entrance into the police organization, has continued to keep women police in subordinate positions, and thus creates conflict. To illustrate, the author analyzes research on the history of the entrance of women into the police organization as well as their experiences and conflicts. The research reveals that without the acceptance of the doctrine that women are different and more humanistic than men, the police organization might not have accepted the issues of women and children (issues of social service) as police responsibility. However, the continuing practice of treating women police 78as different has created conflict within the police organization and worked to keep them within the lower ranks of the organization

Difference in the police department women, policing, and “Doing gender”

In this article, the author reviews the concept of gender “difference” in relation to the criminal justice system. The author argues that the acceptance of women as different and the practice of doing gender, although initially allowing women entrance into the police organization, has continued to keepwomen police in subordinate positions and, thus, creates conflict. To illustrate, the author analyzes research on the history of the entrance of women into the police organization as well as their experiences and conflicts. The research reveals that without the acceptance of the doctrine that women are different and more humanistic than men, the police organization might not have accepted the issues of women and children (issues of social service) as police responsibility. However, the continual practice of women police as different has created conflict within the police organization andworked to keepwomen police within the lower ranks of the organization

Race and satisfaction with the police in a small city

In a democratic society, public opinion of criminal justice systems is essential for the proper functioning of police departments. Since the 1970s, police organizations were increasingly concerned with their external social relationship. This was particularly true in the era of community policing. This study explored determinants of satisfaction with the police. Data from 235 residents of a small northeastern city in the United States were analyzed. The results indicated that Hispanics had the lowest global satisfaction with the police, while Caucasians had the highest. The results also revealed the importance of separating global satisfaction from specific satisfaction. The study concluded that police departments must work harder at gaining public satisfaction among African Americans and Hispanics and work toward increasing public feelings of safety in order to improve citizen satisfaction with the police. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

An Equity-First Policy for Women Police Around the World: Strategies for change

Feminist scholars have debated the issue of integration and specialising of women in policing. Scholars of policing in some nations have argued that culture does not lend itself to the Western definition of integration. Instead, they focus on gender-segregated units or specialised policing for women. Other scholars argue that integration is the road to equality in the workforce. However, research reveals that within all nations, women experience barriers to hiring and promotion and are marginalised within the male dominated organisation. In this article, we argue that equity must be achieved before women police are to obtain equality in the workforce. We examine different models of gender in policing around the world focusing on a few nations: equality model (Australia, Taiwan, UK, and US), equity model (China), hybrid model (India and Brazil), and cultural-specific model (Arabic Gulf countries). Our findings reveal that no nation has made policing a gender equal institution. We thus proposed a gender policy in line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals that allows equity to come first to create an equal platform for women in policing, following which gender equality may be achievable. This equity-first gender policy comprises two stages. The first stage involves changes in perceptions, while the second stage involves changes in police policy and practice

Feather-loss disorder in African and Magellanic Penguins

A feather-loss disorder, first observed in captive African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus) chicks in a South African rehabilitation center in 2006, was found one year later in wild Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) chicks in four colonies in Argentina. Two years later, it was found in African Penguin chicks in the wild. The featherless African Penguin chicks in the rehabilitation center (N = 176) lost their down and emerging juvenile feathers, remaining featherless for several weeks until they died (N = 31) or grew juvenile (N = 3) or adult plumage (N = 145) before being released. The featherless African Penguin chicks took 16 days longer to reach the rehabilitation center's standards for release than feathered chicks (t 176 = -8.8, P < 0.00001). Likewise, the featherless wild Magellanic Penguin chicks (N = 13) lost their second coat of down, remaining featherless for several weeks; but those that survived to fledging all grew normal juvenile plumage (N = 4). Featherless Magellanic Penguin chicks grew more slowly and were smaller at fledgling age than most feathered chicks. The disorder in Africa and Argentina is new, rare, and more common in a rehabilitation center in Africa than in the wild. The cause of the feather loss is unknown, but the disorder results in slower growth, smaller fledglings, and appears to increase mortality in Magellanic Penguin chicks in the wild.Fil: Kane, Olivia J.. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Smith, Jeffrey R.. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Boersma, P. Dee. University of Washington; Estados UnidosFil: Parsons, Nola J.. Southern African Foundation For The Conservation Of Coastal Birds; SudáfricaFil: Strauss, Venessa. Southern African Foundation For The Conservation Of Coastal Birds; SudáfricaFil: Garcia Borboroglu, Jorge Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Villanueva, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin