Environmental impact of heavy metals on the blood cells in professionally exposed workers

Aims of the study is to explain and research the effects of the heavy metals (lead, zinc and cadmium) on erythrocytes and leukocytes in miners with different work experience or exposure. The results and conclusions are made based on a three-year period of continuous testing on 120 miners, as professionally exposed workers. We confirmed that the miners long been professionally exposed to heavy metals, in the blood have an increased content of heavy metals (lead, zinc and cadmium) and they have affect the change of some haematological parameters, resulting in the emergence of certain diseases with complex etiology. The multidisciplinary elaboration of the topic, suggests the need for a more serious approach to this important phenomenon, impact of heavy metals in exposed workers

Representation and Treatment of Haemofilia in the general populaton in Macedonia

Introduction: Defects in blood coagulation can be congenital or acquired. Haemophilia belongs to the congenital (hereditary) coagulopathies.It is inherited recessively by a mutant gene located on the X-chromosome, therefore it affects only men. Women are carriers of the pathological gene. There are two common types of haemophilia, one associated with the F VIII deficiency or haemophilia A, and the other with the F IX deficiency or haemophilia B. Aim of this researche is to trace the representation of haemophilia in the general population, to follow the clinical course, diagnostic procedures, necessary therapy, complications arising as a result of this syndrome, the role of the laboratory analyst in constructing precise and proper analysis. Matherial and methods: In this researcher monitoring we introduce three cases of haemophilia recorded in the transfusion service in Macedonia. Results: We are followed three cases of haemophilia, recorded in transfusion department at the Clinical Center in Macedonia. For the purpose of this paper work are allocated three people, two with haemophilia A, one child and one adult person and one person with hemophilia B, all male. In all these cases, therapy is preventive and receive appropriate according to age and needs. Their dose increases in case of injuries or extensive bleeding. Conclusion: Early prophylactic use of clotting factors with severe hemophilia is gaining acceptance as a way to prevent pain and morbidity associated with bleeding disorders. Treatment of severe hemophilia A or B consists of administration of plasma-derived or recombinant clotting factor concentrates. Velickova, N., Naumovska, M., Kamcev, N., Ruskovska, T., Panova, G

Cytological monitoring of human lymphocites, the main tool in environmental research

Genotoxicity studies have frequently been conducted on humans to evaluate the mutagenic potential associated with acute or chronic exposure to chemical agents. The more common approach involves indirect measurement of the effect of chemical agents by assessing chromosomal damage in surrogate cells, such as peripheral blood lymphocytes. From the genetic point of view, particular interest in this paper is presented the chromosomal mutagenic effect, which we can analyze cytologicily. In this cytogenetic monitoring studies the interest is chronic exposure of organism to chemical hazards (Pb, Zn and Cn) like potentially genotoxic agents. We used peripheral blood lymphocytes as the target material. The total share of structural chromosome aberration (SCA) are search out over the 3 years of monitoring on human population exposed to heavy metals. Also we measured the blood level of Pb, Zn and Cd. Chromosomal aberrations (like dicentric and acentric chromosome) were found in 7% of subjects. Also in the individuals with chromosomal aberrations we evaluated positive correlation between blood levels of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cd) and chromosomal aberrations. All confirmed chromosome type aberrations in the subjects were accompanied with anemia, leucocitosis and anisocitosis. From a practical point of view, the cytological assesment or monitoring which requires only a few cells (peripheral lymphocytes) and results can be obtained within a matter of hours would be suitable for use in environmental research,. Studying the effects of environmental impact on exposures intends to quantify the agents present in the environment, to investigate their effect on chronic disease occurrence in exposed individuals, also can be used in the management of cancer or any other disease. Early detection of hazardous exposures of humans may significantly reduce adverse effects through appropriate reductions in the presence of those chemicals in the general environment. Key words: Envoriment, exposure, lymphocytes, chromosomal aberration, effect

The Importance of Molecular Diagnostics and Screening Programs in Monitoring and Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer in the Republic of North Macedonia

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant diseases (12 % of the total) that occurs with an incidence of 15 – 30 new cases per 100,000 population per year in European Union countries. The risk of this disease during life depends on many factors such as age, diet, physical activity, personal and family predisposition. Several preventive measures can reduce the number of colorectal cancer patients. First of all, the regular screening which allows the detection of precancerous polyps or cancer in the early stage and their successful surgical removal. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of screening programs as a preventive measure for the early detection of colorectal cancer and to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this disease. The strategy for improving the early detection of colorectal cancer also implies availability of useful information about the importance of screening programs for everyone as well as educating health care staff about the program itself. Number of newly registered colorectal cancer cases in 2009 in the Republic North Macedonia stands at 547 with a rate of 26.7 compared to 2018 with 839 newly registered cases with a rate of 40.4 which clearly indicates an increasing trend of colorectal cancer. Multidisciplinary approach to early detection of colorectal cancer, continuity of Program funding and quality of services will lead to reduction of morbidity and mortality of this type of cancer

Prevention from transfusion transmissive diseases in the regional center for transfusion medicine in Stip, Republic of Macedonia for the period 2009-2010

Introduction: Blood transfusion is a transplantation of fluid tissue or an introduction of human biological material that needs to survive in the donor organism and to play important biological functions. During the blood and blood products transfusion, it is possible to transmit many transfusion transmissive diseases, which increases the need of securing safe blood transfusion. Objective: To present the procedures and measures taken in order to prevent the transmission of transfusion transmissive diseases in the blood and blood products donors at the Clinical Hospital in Stip. Materials and methods: Each blood unit was mandatory tested for HBSAG, anti- HCV, anti-HIV and Treponema pallidum antibodies at the Regional center for transfusion medicine. The testing was done with the ELISA technique by using the Dade Berhing BEP 200 instrument and the tests from Siemens and Ortho for anti-HCV. The confirmation tests were done at the Institute of Transfusion Medicine in the capital Skopje. Results: In total, 6067 blood samples were tested. The presence of HBAGS was detected in 81 sample (1.33%), anti-HCV in 19 (0.313%), anti-HIV in one (0,016%) and Treponema pallidum antibodies in 5 samples (0.082%). Discussion and conclusion: In order to achieve high level of security of the transfusion blood and blood products it is essential to use highly specific and sensitive tests, modern equipment, well trained health personnel and sufficient financial resources allocated specifically for that aim

Teen – Депресија

Современиот начин на живеење, брзиот технолошки развој од една страна и брзото емоционално созревање и потребата од независност кај најмладата возраст, условува емоционален дисбаланс и психолошка криза кај најголем дел од адолесцентите. Во тој период кога најголемиот дел од адолесцентите се обидуваат да се осамостојат, најголемиот број дел од родителите во нив препознава трансформација од послушно и примерно дете дете кон непослушно и недисциплинирано дете. Во тој ризичен период обично се јавува депресија, како емоционална состојба која се карактеризира со тажна општа состојба и чувство на безвредност. Обично резултира со повлеченост, несоница, промена во апетиот и намалена концентрација. Постои разлика помеѓу депресија и депресивност. Депресијата е болест а депресивноста е состојба а не болест. Депресивноста кај адолесцентите е најчеста појава, која не мора да има психопатолошка значајност. Депресивниот адолесцент нема мимичка експресија на депресивна возрасна личност. Не бара емпатија и не се прифаќа себеси како депресивна личност. Депресијата е комбинација од биолошки, генетички и психофизиолошки фактори

Correlation of heavy metals and theirs impact to epidemiological survey in the miners blood donors and other human population

Introduction: Miners who are blood donors, and work in mines for lead-zinc ores are constantly exposed to heavy metals (lead, zinc and cadmium) and this aspect is expected to increase or decrease many hematological parameters. Aim of the Study: The concentration of lead, zinc and cadmium was studied in exposed blood donors and non-exposed blood donors (control group). Knowing the structure of various heavy metals, all of the analysis was carried out to examine the impact of these heavy metals on the occurrence and severity of certain epidemiological diseases and hematological parameters on the miners who are blood donors. Material and Methods: In this research 120 miners were included who were blood donors (mining for lead and zinc) from the Republic of Macedonia and a control group of 30 participants that included blood donors not directly exposed to heavy metals, while living in the immediate vicinity of the lead and zinc mine. In this research biochemical analysis (inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP) one of the most sensitive analytical techniques for the determination of elements in biological materials was applied and the basic haematological parameters were determined. Results: The observation of increased blood lead level on blood donors in the exposed group (mean = 0.089 mg/l) and 20% on blood donors in the control group (mean = 0066), increased blood zinc level in the exposed (mean = 1391) and in the control group (mean = 1074), increased blood cadmium level in 62% of exposed (mean = 0007) and in 50% of the control group (mean = 0006); If the normal BLL (blood lead level) is 0.04–0.07 mg/l, we concluded that all male blood donors in the exposed group had above normal BLL. In the control group 20% of male blood donors had above normal BLL; if the normal BZL (blood zinc level) is 0.1 mg/l, we concluded that all male blood donors exposed in the control group had above normal BZL. If the normal BCL is 0.005 mg/l, we concluded that 62% of the male blood donors in the exposed group had above normal BCL. In the control group 50% of male blood donors had above normal BCL; The blood lead, zinc and cadmium level will rise during exposure at work. forty eight percent of miners (exposed group) had an exposure period of 20 years, 29% between 10 and 20 years and the remaining 23% an exposure period under 10 years. Results showed negative correlation between the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin and blood levels of heavy metals; positive correlation between the number of leukocytes and blood heavy metals levels. Epidemiological survey showed that nearly all workers complained of headache. While 25 of 70 miners who were blood donors (with long exposure) were found to be suffering from various diseases such as asthma, respiratory tract, irritation and watering of eyes. Conclusion: The research confirms that the increased content of heavy metals in blood donors affects the concept of professional risk that involves probability that as a result of exposure of workers to certain harmful agents in the work environment negative effects are manifested on their health. The change of some haematological parameters in the blood donors, results in the emergence of certain diseases with complex etiologies and risks to their health

The Application and Benefits of Comet Assay in Biomonitoring Studies

This aticle evaluates the benefits, principle and importance of COMET ASSAY, the most common assay which can be applicate in the field of genotoxicology and ecotoxicology. Considering the fact that today's urban living is highly influenced by the intense growth of many industries, one of the goals of the cytogenetic monitoring is to focus on the ability of various chemical compounds to change the structure of chromosomes and DNA. In this article is explain the practical and experimental aspects of COMET ASSAY as a tests which is accepted by World Health Organisation (WHO) and specified in the list of standard short-term tests for genotoxicological screening of human, animal or plant cells.I hope, that this article will be a precious source of knowledge for scientists and researchers in the field of biomedicine and other science which include biomonitoring

Biological and genotoxic monitoring as integral part of predictive and preventive medical surveillance of children living in polluted area

Introduction: Presence of many elements and their compounds in the environment pose a significant health risks to the exposed individuals and contributesto the burden of disease in society. An example for one of these black points wich destroyed the health of the people is lead and tine smelter in Veles (city in R of Macedonia). It is obvious that there is environmental-health risk with enough evidence for the pollution of the environment, as well as impact of higher blood level of lead in selected children. Objective: To registred and define the environmental health risk on children in Veles.Method: In this study we compare two groups of 100 children (average 10years old). Exposed group comprised children living in Veles (contaminated area),and control group were children who live in village Ivankovci. Results: Student’s t-test indicates statistically significant differences(t=15.14; p<0.001), between average concentration of lead in the air in Veles (0.94mg/m3) and Ivankovci (0.03 mg/m3); statistically significant differences (t=5.74;p<0.001), between average concentrations of BLL (37.27 μg/ml) in exposed group and control group (18.20 μg/ml); statistically significant differences (t=2.35;p<0.05), between average concentrations of hemoglobin in exposed group (children who live in Veles) and control group and the other hematological parameters between two groups. Discussion: The significance of these results show that children are exposed to mixtures rather than single chemicals. This complexity is a major reason why mixtures are not well studied. In this study are illustrated some of the principles and approaches that can be used to study the effects of mixtures. The multidisciplinary elaboration of the topic, suggests the need for a more serious approach to this important phenomenon(genotoxicological impact of heavy metals) and also is a specific model that is capable of application in other related research. Conclusion: Registered changes had reversible character. Manifested signs of disease were not registered, because of yet successful compensatory mechanisms in the examined children