Association between weight or Body Mass Index and hand osteoarthritis: a systematic review

Objective: To investigate the association between weight or Body Mass Index (BMI) and the development of hand osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Systematic review of observational studies. Medical databases were searched up to April 2008. Articles which presented data on the association between weight and hand OA were selected. The qualities of these studies were then assessed by two independent reviewers using a 19 criteria scoring syst

水稲の窒素追肥時期と根圏域の大きさが成熟期の窒素の吸収並びに移行に及ぼす影響

根圏域の大きさを1/5030a (S),1/2020a (M)および1/1050a (L)のポットサイズで制限し,^N標識硫安をS区0.18g,M区0.284gおよびL区0.544gを,日本晴の出穂前20日から出穂後10日まで,5日間隔で施肥時期をかえて追肥し,成熟期の乾物生産ならびに施肥窒素の移行について追究した。個体当りの全乾物重は,根圏域が大きい区ほど増加した。器官別乾物重の比率は穂が最も高く,ついで茎であった。なお,根圏域が大きい区では穂と葉身の比率が高く,茎では差がみられなかった。地上枯死部と根は根圏域が大きい区ほど逆に低下した。全窒素含有量は,追肥時期の早晩に関係なく,根圏域が大きいほど増加した。器官別の比率は穂が最も高く,ついで茎,葉身,地上枯死部,根の順であった。なお,根圏域が大きい区では穂と葉身の比率が高かったが,茎,地上枯死部ならびに根は逆に低下した。また,追肥時期が早いと葉身の比率が高く,茎の比率が低かった。逆に,追肥時期が晩く,根圏域が小さい場合には地上枯死部の比率が高かった。標識窒素の器官別の比率は,穂が最も高く,ついで葉身の順であり,根圏域が大きいほど高い傾向があった。なお,葉身では出穂前追肥よりも,出穂後肥の方が低かった。茎は根圏域の大きさや追肥時期による差が小さかった。地上枯死部は,M区としL区では追肥時期が晩いほど低いが,S区では逆にやや高い値を示した。 / This study was carried out to clarify the effects of rhizosphere sizes and top-dressing time on nitrogen absorption and translocation at maturity in paddy rice (Oryza sativa L, cv. Nipponbare). Rhizosphere was restricted by three different sized pots (1/5030a, 1/2020a and 1/1050a). ^N-labelled ammonium sulfate was top-dressed at seven different times (five day intervals) between 20 days before and 10 days after heading. In all plots, the total dry weight and nitrogen content increased with increasing rhizosphere size without any conceivable effects of top-dressing time. The ^N uptake also increased with increasing rhizosphere size and the highest uptake was obtained when applied 10 days after heading. In terms of nitrogen distribution, when top-dressed 20 days before heading, most of the ^N was accumulated in the leaf blade, whereas later top-dressed nitrogen tended to accumulate in the ear

Monounsaturated and Saturated, but Not n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decrease Cartilage Destruction under Inflammatory Conditions

Purpose: Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with obesity in which altered fatty acid levels have been observed. We investigated whether the most common fatty acids in synovial fluid influence cartilage deterioration in OA. Design: Cartilage was obtained from OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Chondrocytes or cartilage explants were cultured with linoleic (n-6 polyunsaturated), oleic (monounsaturated), or palmitic (saturated) acid. After preculture, media were renewed and inflammation was simulated in half of the samples by addition of 10 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-\xce\xb1 (TNF\xce\xb1) with or without the fatty acids. Effects on lipid uptake (Oil-Red-O), cell toxicity (lactate dehydrogenase), prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) release and gene expression for prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), and MMP13, and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 were determined on chondrocytes in monolayer. Effects on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release were evaluated on cartilage explants. Results: None of the fatty acids were cytotoxic and all were taken up by the cells, resulting in a higher amount of intracellular lipid in chondrocytes. Linoleic acid increased PGE2 production in the presence of TNF\xce\xb1. Oleic acid and palmitic acid inhibited MMP1 gene expression in chondrocytes stimulated with TNF\xce\xb1. In cartilage explants, GAG release was also inhibited by oleic acid and palmitic acid, and oleic acid decreased PTGS2 gene expression in stimulated chondrocytes. Conclusions: Linoleic acid has a pro-inflammatory effect on cartilage whereas oleic acid and palmitic acid seem to inhibit cartilage destruction. These results indicate that altered fatty acid levels may influence loss of cartilage structure in OA

Inflammatory Cells in Patients with Endstage Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comparison between the Synovium and the Infrapatellar Fat Pad

Objective: To get a better understanding of inflammatory pathways active in the osteoarthritic (OA) joint, we characterized and compared inflammatory cells in the synovium and the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) of patients with knee OA. Methods: Infiltrating immune cells were characterized by flow cytometry in 76 patients with knee OA (mean age 63.3, 52% women, median body mass index 28.9) from whom synovial tissue (n = 40) and IFP (n = 68) samples were obtained. Pain was assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS; 0-100 mm). Spearman rank correlations and linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and age were performed. Results: Macrophages and T cells, followed by mast cells, were the most predominant immune cells in the synovium and IFP, and were equally abundant in these tissues. Macrophages and T cells secreted mostly proinflammatory cytokines even without additional stimulation, indicating their activated state. Accordingly, most CD4+ T cells had a memory phenotype and contained a significant population of cells expressing activation markers (CD25+, CD69+). Interestingly, the percent of CD69+ T cells was higher in synovial than IFP CD4+ T cells. Preliminary analyses indicated that the number of synovial CD4+ T cells were associated with VAS pain (β 0.51, 95% CI 0.09-1.02, p = 0.02). Conclsion: Our data suggest that the immune cell composition of the synovium and the IFP is similar, and includes activated cells that could contribute to inflammation through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, preliminary analyses indicate that synovial CD4+ T cells might associate with pain in patients with endstage OA of the knee

Inflammatory Cells in Patients with Endstage Knee Osteoarthritis: A Comparison between the Synovium and the Infrapatellar Fat Pad

OBJECTIVE: To get a better understanding of inflammatory pathways active in the osteoarthritic (OA) joint, we characterized and compared inflammatory cells in the synovium and the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) of patients with knee OA. METHODS: Infiltrating immune cells were characterized by flow cytometry in 76 patients with knee OA (mean age 63.3, 52% women, median body mass index 28.9) from whom synovial tissue (n = 40) and IFP (n = 68) samples were obtained. Pain was assessed by the visual analog scale (VAS; 0-100 mm). Spearman rank correlations and linear regression analyses adjusted for sex and age were performed. RESULTS: Macrophages and T cells, followed by mast cells, were the most predominant immune cells in the synovium and IFP, and were equally abundant in these tissues. Macrophages and T cells secreted mostly proinflammatory cytokines even without additional stimulation, indicating their activated state. Accordingly, most CD4+ T cells had a memory phenotype and contained a significant population of cells expressing activation markers (CD25+, CD69+). Interestingly, the percent of CD69+ T cells was higher in synovial than IFP CD4+ T cells. Preliminary analyses indicated that the number of synovial CD4+ T cells were associated with VAS pain (β 0.51, 95% CI 0.09-1.02, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the immune cell composition of the synovium and the IFP is similar, and includes activated cells that could contribute to inflammation through secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, preliminary analyses indicate that synovial CD4+ T cells might associate with pain in patients with endstage OA of the knee

Soluble mediator secretion by non-stimulated and stimulated synovial tissue explants (STEs) from normal and OA donors.

<p>Graphs demonstrate the absolute levels of all soluble mediators, which were significantly (p<0.01) different between <b>A.</b> non-stimulated (black bars) and IL-1α-stimulated (white bars) normal STEs and <b>B.</b> non-stimulated (grey bars) and IL-1α-stimulated (white bars) OA STEs. Data were obtained from pooled supernatants representing the average of 6 STEs per donor and the production in a time period of 7 days. Data are plotted on a log scale. Bars indicate mean concentration (pg/ml culture medium) ± SD.</p