Níveis séricos da proteína carreadora do retinol 4 em mulheres com diferentes níveis de adiposidade e tolerância à glicose

Objective Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine responsible for vitamin A (retinol) transportation. Studies associated RBP4 increased levels with severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR). The study aimed to quantify RBP4 serum standards in women with a wide range of body mass index (BMI) and glucose tolerance level. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study was performed with 139 women divided into three groups: Group 1 (lean-control, n = 45) and Group 2 (obese, n = 53) with normal glucose tolerance and group 3 (obese with T2DM, n = 41), called G1, G2 and G3. Were assessed clinical, biochemical, anthropometric and body composition parameters. Results According to data analysis, we obtained in G1 higher RBP4 levels (104.8 ± 76.8 ng/mL) when compared to G2 (87.9 ± 38 ng/mL) and G3 (72.2 ± 15.6 ng/mL) levels. Also, were found: in G1 positive correlations of RBP4 with BMI (r = 0.253), glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.378) and fasting insulin (r = 0.336); in G2 with glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.489); in G3 with glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.330), fasting glucose (r = 0.463), HOMA-IR (r = 0.481). Conclusions Although RBP4 have shown lower levels in diabetic and obese, a strong correlation with HOMA-IR index highlights that, in our study, there is growing IR when there is an increasing in RBP4 levels587709714COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçãoObjetivo A proteína carreadora do retinol 4 (RBP4) é uma adipocina responsável pelo transporte de vitamina A (retinol). Estudos associam os níveis aumentados de RBP4 com a gravidade do diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2) e resistência à insulina (RI). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como esses níveis se comportam em mulheres com ampla variação do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e tolerância à glicose. Sujeitos e métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 139 mulheres, divididas em três grupos: Grupo 1 (controles-magras; n = 45) e Grupo 2 (obesas; n = 53), com tolerância normal à glicose; Grupo 3 (obesas DM2; n = 41), denominados G1, G2 e G3. Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos, bioquímicos, antropométricos e composição corporal. Resultados De acordo com a análise dos dados, obtivemos em G1 maiores níveis de RBP4 (104,8 ± 76,8 ng/mL) em comparação ao G2 (87,9 ± 38 ng/mL) e G3 (72,2 ± 15,6 ng/mL). Também foram encontradas correlações positivas entre RBP4 e IMC (r = 0,253), hemoglobina glicada (r = 0,378) e insulinemia de jejum (r = 0,336); em G2 com hemoglobina glicada (r = 0,489); G3 com hemoglobina glicada (r = 0,330), insulinemia de jejum (r = 0,463) e HOMA-IR (r = 0,481). Conclusões Embora a RBP4 tenha apresentado níveis menores em pacientes diabéticas e obesas, a forte correlação com o índice HOMA-IR deixa claro que, em nosso estudo, há crescente RI quando os níveis dessa proteína também são crescente

Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C among diabetes mellitus type 2 individuals

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) patients have higher risk to be infected with parenterally transmitted viruses, like hepatitis B or C virus. This study aims to determine HBV and HCV infection prevalence in DM2 patients from Northeast and Southeast Brazil. A total of 537 DM2 patients were included, 194 (36.12%) males and 343 (63.87%) females, with mean age of 57.13 +/- 11.49 years. HBV and HCV markers were determined using serological and molecular analysis, and risk factors were evaluated in a subgroup from Southeast (n = 84). Two HBV acute (HBsAg+/anti-HBc-) and one HBV chronic case (HBsAg+/anti-HBc+) were found. Six individuals (1.1%) were isolated anti-HBc, 37 (6.9%) had HBV infection resolved (anti-HBc+/anti-HBs+), 40 (7.4%) were considered HBV vaccinated (anti-HBc-/anti-HBs+). Thirteen patients (2.42%) had anti-HCV and 7 of them were HCV RNA+. In the subgroup, anti-HBc positivity was associated to age and anti-HCV positivity was associated to age, time of diabetes diagnosis, total bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase at bivariate analysis, but none of them was statistically significant at multivariate analysis. As conclusion, low prevalence of HBV and high prevalence HCV was found in DM2 patients142CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); Brazilian National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq)National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ

Índices HOMA1-IR e HOMA2-IR para identificação de resistência à insulina e síndrome metabólica: Estudo Brasileiro de Síndrome Metabólica (BRAMS)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cut-off values for HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR to identify insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS), and to assess the association of the indexes with components of the MS. METHODS: Nondiabetic subjects from the Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study were studied (n = 1,203, 18 to 78 years). The cut-off values for IR were determined from the 90th percentile in the healthy group (n = 297) and, for MS, a ROC curve was generated for the total sample. RESULTS: In the healthy group, HOMA-IR indexes were associated with central obesity, triglycerides and total cholesterol (p 2.7 and HOMA2-IR > 1.8; and, for MS were: HOMA1-IR > 2.3 (sensitivity: 76.8%; specificity: 66.7%) and HOMA2-IR > 1.4 (sensitivity: 79.2%; specificity: 61.2%). CONCLUSION: The cut-off values identified for HOMA1-IR and HOMA2-IR indexes have a clinical and epidemiological application for identifying IR and MS in Westernized admixtured multi-ethnic populations.OBJETIVO: Determinar pontos de corte para os índices HOMA1-IR e HOMA2-IR na identificação de resistência à insulina (RI) e síndrome metabólica (SM), além de investigar a associação de ambos os índices com os componentes da SM. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados indivíduos não diabéticos (n = 1.203, 18 a 78 anos) participantes do Estudo Brasileiro de Síndrome Metabólica. Os pontos de corte para RI foram determinados com base no percentil 90 do grupo saudável (n = 297) e, para SM, foi construída uma curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) para toda a amostra. RESULTADOS: No grupo saudável, os índices HOMA-IR associaram-se à obesidade central, aos triglicérides e ao colesterol total (p 2,7 e HOMA2-IR > 1,8; e, para SM, foram: HOMA1-IR > 2,3 (sensibilidade: 76,8%; especificidade: 66,7%) e HOMA2-IR > 1,4 (sensibilidade: 79,2%; especificidade: 61,2%). CONCLUSÕES: Os pontos de corte identificados para os índices HOMA1-IR e HOMA2-IR possuem aplicação clínica e epidemiológica na identificação de RI e SM em populações miscigenadas multiétnicas ocidentalizadas.28128

Predictive ability of anthropometric and body composition indicators in the identification of insulin resistance

OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of anthropometric and body composition indicators in identifying insulin resistance (IR), determining cut-off points for those showing the best efficacy. METHOD: 138 men were evaluated. Waist perimeter (WP), sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), conicity index, body mass index (BMI), body fat percent, sagittal index, and the waist-to-height, waist-to-hip and waist-to-thigh ratios were determined. IR was assessed by the HOMA-IR index. Statistical analysis consisted of Spearman correlation coefficient and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves, calculating the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: SAD (r=0.482, AUC=0.746) and WP (r=0.464, AUC=0.739) showed stronger correlations with the HOMA-IR and greater ability to identify IR (p<0.001), being 89.3 cm and 20.0 cm the best cut-offs, respectively. CONCLUSION: The anthropometric indicators of central obesity, WP and SAD, have shown greater ability to identify IR in men. We encourage studies in women and elderly people in search of the best cut-off points for the entire population.OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a habilidade de indicadores antropométricos e de composição corporal em identificar a resistência à insulina (RI), determinando-se os pontos de corte para os que apresentarem melhor eficácia. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 138 homens. Determinou-se: perímetro da cintura (PC), diâmetro abdominal sagital (DAS), índice de conicidade (IC), índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), índice sagital (IS) e relações cintura-estatura (RCE), cintura-quadril (RCQ) e cintura-coxa (RCCoxa). A RI foi avaliada pelo HOMA-IR. Utilizou-se análise de correlação e análise ROC, com determinação das áreas abaixo da curva (AUC). RESULTADOS: O DAS (r = 0,482; AUC = 0,746) e o PC (r = 0,464; AUC = 0,739) apresentaram correlações mais fortes com o HOMA-IR e maior poder discriminante para RI (p < 0,001), sendo seus melhores pontos de corte 89,3 cm e 20,0 cm, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Os indicadores de obesidade central, o PC e o DAS demonstraram maior habilidade em identificar RI em homens. Encoraja-se a realização de estudos com mulheres e idosos na busca dos melhores pontos de corte para toda a população.7279Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Anthropometric, body composition and biochemical indicators for the prediction of the HOMA-IR index in adult men

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a eficácia de indicadores antropométricos e de composição corporal e de indicadores bioquímicos do perfil lipídico plasmático em predizer o índice HOMA-IR em homens. Realizou-se um estudo de delineamento transversal, no qual foram avaliados 138 indivíduos adultos (20 59 anos) saudáveis. A avaliação antropométrica constou da determinação do peso, da estatura, do diâmetro abdominal sagital (DAS) e dos perímetros da cintura (PC), do quadril e da coxa. O PC e o DAS foram aferidos em quatro locais anatômicos distintos. A composição corporal foi avaliada por bioimpedância elétrica. Os nove indicadores antropométricos e de composição corporal estudados foram analisados segundo o tipo de obesidade que se propõe a avaliar: indicadores de obesidade central (PC, DAS, índice de conicidade e relação cintura/estatura), indicadores de obesidade geral (índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura corporal) e indicadores de distribuição de gordura corporal (relação cintura/quadril, relação cintura/coxa e índice sagital). Os indicadores bioquímicos do perfil lipídico analisados foram o colesterol total (CT), o HDL-C, o LDL-C e os triglicérides (TG). As relações CT/HDL-C e TG/HDL-C foram calculadas. O índice HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance), indicador de resistência à insulina (RI), foi calculado pela fórmula: HOMA-IR = insulinemia de jejum (µU/mL) x glicemia de jejum (mmol/L) / 22,5, sendo considerado para as análises o ponto de corte referente ao percentil 75. A análise estatística constou da análise de correlação intraclasse, da análise de variância com o teste post-hoc de Tukey, do teste de Kruskall-Wallis com o teste post-hoc de Dunn s, dos coeficientes de correlação de Spearman e Pearson e da construção de curvas ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve). Verificou-se elevada reprodutibilidade para todas as medidas do PC e do DAS, com coeficientes de correlação intraclasse variando de 0,986 a 0,999 (p<0,001). O PC aferido na menor cintura e o DAS aferido no maior diâmetro abdominal diferiram dos demais locais. Entre os locais testados, a menor cintura entre o tórax e o quadril, para o DAS, e o ponto médio entre a crista ilíaca e a última costela, para o PC, foram os locais que apresentaram as correlações mais fortes com o HOMA-IR (r = 0,482 e 0,464; p<0,001) e as maiores áreas abaixo das curvas ROC (0,716 ± 0,051 e 0,746 ± 0,049; p<0,001) respectivamente, e, conseqüentemente, apresentaram melhor eficiência em predizer o risco de RI. Entre os nove indicadores de obesidade analisados, o PC e o DAS foram os mais promissores para avaliação do risco de RI. Os valores de 89,3 cm (sensibilidade = 80% e especificidade = 66%) para o PC e de 20,0 cm (sensibilidade = 77,1% e especificidade = 68%) para o DAS foram os pontos de corte que apresentaram maior acurácia para a predição de níveis mais elevados do HOMA-IR. Para os indicadores bioquímicos do perfil lipídico, constatou-se que a RTG/HDL-C foi a que apresentou correlação mais forte (r =0,334; p<0,001) e maior área abaixo da curva ROC (0,724 ± 0,046; p<0,001), resultando em melhor eficácia para a predição do índice HOMA-IR. Sugere-se a utilização desses três indicadores como instrumentos alternativos para a predição de RI na prática clínica. Contudo, ressalta-se a necessidade de maior número de investigações acerca do comportamento desses indicadores na predição de RI em amostras maiores, abrangendo outros extratos da população brasileira, incluindo mulheres, adolescentes e idosos, o que viabilizará a utilização desses indicadores de RI nos screenings populacionais e na prática clínica, de forma padronizada, respeitando as características da nossa população.This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of anthropometric and body composition indicators and lipid profile biochemical indicators in predicting the HOMA-IR index in men. The study was conducted in a cross-sectional design, in which 138 healthy adults (20 - 59 years) were evaluated. The anthropometric evaluation consisted of determining weight, height, sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) and waist (WP), hip and thigh perimeters. The WP and SAD were measured in four distinct anatomical sites. The body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. The nine anthropometric and body composition indicators studied were analyzed by the type of obesity that is intended to assess: central obesity indicators (WP, SAD, conicity index and waist/height ratio), general obesity indicators (body mass index and body fat percentage) and body fat distribution indicators (waist/hip ratio, waist/thigh ratio and sagittal index). The lipid profile biochemical indicators examined were: total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, LDL-C and triglycerides (TG). The ratios TC/HDL-C and TG/HDL-C were calculated. The HOMA-IR index (Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance), an indicator of insulin resistance (IR), was calculated by the formula: HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (&#956;U/mL) x fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)/22.5, considering for the analyses the percentile 75 as the cut-off point. Statistical analysis consisted of intraclass correlation, analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc test, Kruskall-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc test, the Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves. There was high reproducibility for all WP and SAD measures, with an intraclass correlation coefficient ranging from 0.986 to 0.999 (p < 0.001). The WP measured in the lower waist and the SAD measured in the largest diameter differed from other locations. Among the anatomical sites tested, the lower waist between the chest and hip, for the SAD, and the midpoint between the iliac crest and the last rib, for the WP, were the sites that showed the strongest correlations with HOMA-IR (r = 0.482 and 0.464, p < 0.001) and the largest areas under the ROC curves (0.716 ± 0.051 and 0.746 ± 0.049, p < 0.001) respectively, and therefore, showed better performance in predicting IR risk. Among the nine indicators of obesity tested, the WP and SAD were the most promising for assessing the IR risk. The values of 89.3 cm (sensitivity = 80% and specificity = 66%) for the WP and 20.0 cm (sensitivity = 77.1% and specificity = 68%) for the SAD were the cut-off points that showed the most accurate prediction for HOMA-IR higher levels. For the lipid profile biochemical indicators, it was found that the TG/HDL-C ratio presented the strongest correlation (r = 0.334, p < 0.001) with HOMA-IR and largest area under the ROC curve (0.724 ± 0.046, p < 0.001), resulting in better performance for the prediction of the HOMA-IR index. The use of these three indicators as instruments for the IR prediction in clinical practice is advisable. However, the necessity of a greater number of investigations about the performance of these indicators in the IR prediction in larger samples should be pointed out, reaching other extracts of the Brazilian population, including women, adolescents and elderly, which would allow the use of these IR indicators in population screenings and in clinical practice, in a standardized way, respecting our population s characteristics.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Effect of biliopancreatic diversion in the beta-cell function of grade I and II obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Orientadores: Bruno Geloneze Neto, José Carlos ParejaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: Objetivo: avaliar o efeito da cirurgia de derivação biliopancreática (DBP) na função da célula-beta de mulheres obesas grau I e II portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), utilizando estímulos com glicose oral e intravenosa. Material e métodos: foram avaliadas 68 mulheres na menacme que compuseram três grupos: Controle magro - CMagro (n = 19, IMC = 23,0 ± 2,2 kg/m²), Controle obeso - CObeso: 18 mulheres obesas (IMC = 35,0 ± 4,8 kg/m²), ambos normotolerante à glicose; e Obeso com DM2 - ObesoDM2 (n = 31; IMC: 36,3 ± 3,7 kg/m²). No grupo ObesoDM2, 64% das mulheres foram submetidas à cirurgia de DBP (n = 20, IMC: 36,5 ± 3,7 kg/m²). Os 68 pacientes passaram por todas as avaliações uma única vez. Os pacientes submetidos à DBP foram reavaliados um mês após a cirurgia. A avaliação da célula-beta foi realizada por testes dinâmicos com estímulo oral (teste de tolerância à glicose oral) e intravenoso (clamp hiperglicêmico). Foram dosados glicose, insulina e peptídeo-C plasmáticos. A aplicação das técnicas de modelagem matemática aos dados possibilitou avaliar as secreções de insulina basal, dinâmica e estática (estímulo oral); a primeira e a segunda fase de secreção de insulina (estímulo intravenoso); a secreção de insulina total; a sensibilidade à insulina (SI), a extração hepática de insulina (EH) e o tempo de atraso ou tempo de atraso para a célula-beta recrutar novos grânulos de insulina para compor o reservatório de grânulos prontamente liberáveis em resposta a determinada glicemia. Resultados: após a DBP houve melhora substancial na SI no TTOG e no teste de clamp, com o grupo cirúrgico alcançando níveis semelhantes aos do grupo CMagro e mais elevados que do grupo CObeso (p < 0,05). A EH de insulina apresentou aumento significante após a DBP, com o grupo cirúrgico mantendo-se semelhante ao CMagro e com níveis aumentados em relação ao CObeso (p < 0,05). A secreção de insulina basal do grupo cirúrgico alcançou níveis de normalidade, assemelhando-se ao CMagro. Houve melhora da função da célula-beta estimulada (p < 0,05), independente da via de acesso utilizada para estimular a célula-beta com glicose (oral e intravenosa). O tempo de atraso não apresentou modificação após a DBP. Conclusão: Ocorreram diversas adaptações fisiológicas positivas após a DBP. Estas adaptações estão relacionadas à restauração na SI, à melhora na EH de insulina e à melhora nas diversas etapas do processo de síntese e secreção de insulina, explicando a melhora aguda no nível de tolerância à glicose e no controle glicêmico desses indivíduos. A não melhora no tempo de atraso evidencia as características do DM2 como doença crônica, progressiva e irreversível, uma vez que o tratamento cirúrgico contribui para a remissão e não resolução da doença. A compreensão dos mecanismos de mudança no metabolismo após a DBP ajudará a definir o papel do intestino na fisiopatologia do DM2, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de novas abordagens clínicas e cirúrgicas para o tratamento da doençaAbstract: Objective: to assess the effect of biliopancreatic diversion surgery (BPD) in beta-cell function of obese grade I and II women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), using an oral and an intravenous stimuli with glucose. Research Design and Methods: sixty eight premenopausal women were assessed and divided into three groups: lean control - LeanC (n = 19; BMI: 23.0 ± 2.2 kg/m²), obese control - ObeseC (n = 18; BMI: 35.0 ± 4.8kg/m²), both with normal glucose tolerance; and obese with type 2 diabetes - ObeseT2DM (n = 31; BMI: 36.3 ± 3.7 kg/m²). In ObeseDM2 group, 64% of women underwent BPD (n = 20, BMI: 36.5 ± 3.7 kg/m²). The 68 volunteers underwent all assessments once. The volunteers those underwent BPD were reassessed one month after surgery. The assessment of beta-cell function was performed by dynamic tests with an oral (oral glucose tolerance test) and an intravenous stimulation test (hyperglycemic clamp). Serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide were determined. The application of mathematical modeling techniques to data allowed to evaluate basal, dynamic and static (oral stimulus) insulin secretion; the first and second phase of insulin secretion (intravenous stimulus); the total insulin secretion; the insulin sensitivity (IS); the hepatic extraction of insulin (EH) and the delay time for the beta-cell to recruit new insulin granules to form the pool of readily releasable granules in response to a given plasma glucose. Results: after BPD, there was a dramatic improvement on IS during the OGTT and during the clamp test, with the surgical group reaching normalized levels compared to those observed in LeanC group and higher levels than ObeseC group (p < 0.05). The EH of insulin showed significant improvement after BPD, with the surgical group reaching similar levels to LeanC and with increased levels in comparison to ObeseC (p < 0.05). The basal insulin secretion achieved normalized levels, with the surgical group resembling the LeanC group. There was improvement in stimulated beta-cell function (p < 0.05), independent of the route of glucose administration (oral and intravenous). The delay time presented no improvement after BPD. Conclusion: several positive physiological adaptations occurred after BPD surgery. These adaptations are related to restoration of the IS, improvement in EH of insulin and normalization in beta-cell function at the various stages of the synthesis secretion process of insulin, explaining the improvement on glucose tolerance and on the glycemic control. The lack of improvement on the delay time highlights the characteristics of T2DM as a chronic, progressive and irreversible disease, once the surgical treatment contributes to the remission and not for the resolution of the disease. Understanding the mechanisms of the change in metabolism after BPD should help define the role of the gut in the physiopathology of T2DM, and help to develop new clinical and surgical approaches to treat the diseaseDoutoradoClinica MedicaDoutora em Clínica Médic

Neck Circumference As A Simple Tool For Identifying The Metabolic Syndrome And Insulin Resistance: Results From The Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study.

To investigate the relationship of the neck circumference (NC) with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR) in a large Brazilian population-based sample, within a wide range of adiposity and glucose tolerance, and to establish cut-off values of the NC for MetS and IR. The NC correlates with cardiovascular risk factors, IR and components of MetS. Upper-body subcutaneous (sc) fat, as estimated by the NC, is associated with cardiovascular risk factors as much as abdominal fat, which is usually estimated by the waist circumference (WC). There are few epidemiological population-based studies on the clinical significance of the NC to MetS and IR. This is a cross-sectional study. About 1053 Brazilian adults (18-60 years). Patients with BMI 18.5-40.0 kg/m(2), with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes (T2DM), were submitted to anthropometric measurements including waist circumference (WC), NC and BMI. Abdominal visceral fat (VF) was assessed by ultrasound. Insulin sensitivity (IS) was assessed by euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp (10% of total sample) and HOMA-IR. Spearman correlations were used to evaluate the association between NC and IR and MetS risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used for gender-specific cut-off values for the prediction of IR and MetS. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to assess the chance of developing IR or MetS according to the enlargement of NC and WC. The sample consisted of 28.6% men, with a mean age of 39.4 (12 years). T2DM diagnosis was present in 306 individuals, of whom 34% were men. NC correlated with WC and BMI in both men and women (P < 0.001). In both genders, NC showed a positive correlation with triglycerides, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR, and NC had a negative association with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). NC and IS showed a moderate negative correlation. A significant correlation was demonstrated between VF and NC. In the ROC curves, NC presented the largest AUC for IR in women (P < 0.001), while NC presented a large AUC for MetS in both genders. Neck circumference measurements are an alternative and innovative approach for determining body fat distribution. The NC is positively associated with MetS risk factors, IR and VF, with established cut-off values for the prediction of MetS and IR.78874-8