Some thoughts about nonequilibrium temperature

The main objective of this paper is to show that, within the present framework of the kinetic theoretical approach to irreversible thermodynamics, there is no evidence that provides a basis to modify the ordinary Fourier equation relating the heat flux in a non-equilibrium steady state to the gradient of the local equilibrium temperature. This fact is supported, among other arguments, through the kinetic foundations of generalized hydrodynamics. Some attempts have been recently proposed asserting that, in the presence of non-linearities of the state variables, such a temperature should be replaced by the non-equilibrium temperature as defined in Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics. In the approximations used for such a temperature there is so far no evidence that sustains this proposal.Comment: 13 pages, TeX, no figures, to appear in Mol. Phy

Cidade emoção: o ver e o viver os espaços públicos por um grupo de jovens a partir da comunidade Carobinha no Rio de Janeiro

Este trabalho entende a cidade através do olhar de um grupo de jovens que habita um lugar sujeito às condições de pobreza. O que nos move é conjecturar como, a partir das emoções, tais jovens são capazes de construir em processos interacionais no e com o espaço urbano, a percepção de cidade ao localizarem nesta, suas identidades. Para a caracterização desta cidade, que convencionamos chamar “cidade emoção”, coletamos as representações que os jovens expressam em desenhos e falas sobre o espaço urbano, uma vez que são imagens gravadas no imaginário coletivo. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa foi entender o espaço vivenciado do Rio de Janeiro, através dos processos perceptivos de jovens que trazem à tona a complexidade urbana à medida que revelam a identidade do território cotidiano de suas experiências. Por conseguinte, essa relação interacional dos jovens, converte-se em uma das peças fundamentais e tecedoras da construção do indivíduo, que analisamos com base na ideia de Vygotski (1998). Nesse contexto teórico, nosso objeto de estudo, a cidade, se coloca culturalmente como uma comunidade emocional, de domínio dos seus habitantes, porém, está no território apropriado o centro de onde emana o entendimento do que é o todo urbano.This report tries to understand the city through the look of young people that lives in a place expose to poverty conditions. What move us to try understand how, starting to the feelings, those young people are able to construct in interaction process in and with urban space, the perception of city to the notice their identities in it. To characterization of this city, that we decide to call “emotion city”, so was collected representations that they usually express at drawings and speeches about the urban space, since they are captured images at collective imaginary of the habitants. The objective of this research has been to try understand the living area to the Rio de Janeiro, through to young peoples’ perceptive processes bring up urban complexity as they reveal identity territory and daily experiences. Therefore, this young people’s interactional relation became itself at one of most important parts at development for the individual that was analyzed having at base Vygotski’s idea (1998). This theory context, our object of study, the city, take itself culturally as one emotional neighborhood, of habitants’ domain, although it is in a territory belongs to the city habitants, the center where the knowledge come from that is the all urban

Rhizosphere microbial community manipulation under salted soil by the inoculation of Pseudomonas sp CMAA 1215 in Zea mays.

Soil salinity reduces the soil organic carbon stock, the microbial biomass and activity and modifies the biogeochemical cycle and the microbial diversity. Osmotic stress caused by ethylene on plants can be reduced using 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) producers. Studies of PGPR and commercially strains are based only on the growth of the plant without concern about modification of the microbial community. This scenario has shown an increasing need to study the ecological functions of bacterial community on salted soil and to develop new technologies to reduce environmental impacts and waste of natural resources. Our aim was to study the influence of the Pseudomonas sp. CMAA1215, a known ACC deaminase on rhizosphere bacteria community of Zea mays under saline soil by sequencing the rhizosphere metagenome. The NMDS of the OTU table (ANOSIM p<0.01) discriminate all the treatments (with and without inoculation under salted and non-salted soils) indicating a modification of the bacteria community by inoculation or by soil salinization. The main groups of the rhizosphere that had the abundance increased by Pseudomonas inoculation were Acidobacteriales, Solibacteriales, Bacillales and Rhizobiales. The relative abundance of Rhodospirillales (Alphaproteobacteria) and Chthoniobacterales (Spartobacteria) was stimulated by the inoculation only under higher salinization. The inoculation can be important to stimulate other PGPR under saline soil or microbes that are not benefic to plants

Peletização de sementes de sorgo com calcário e com termofosfato e sua influência na absorção de fósforo e de potássio.

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a influencia da peletizacao de sementes de tres cultivares de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), cv. BRS 701, BRS 304 e BRS 601, com calcario e com termofosfato magnesiano, na absorcao de P e de K. Sementes peletizadas e nao peletizadas foram colocadas para germinar, por oito dias, em temperatura ambiente. Apos este periodo, oito plantulas com crescimento uniforme (parte aerea e raiz) foram distribuidas em vasos que continham solucao nutritiva completa de Hoagland. Apos 20 dias, iniciou-se a determinacao da absorcao de fosforo e de potassio por meio da deplecao desses nutrientes na solucao nutritiva. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o tipo de revestimento das sementes influenciou, de modo distinto, o crescimento de cada cultivar de sorgo. A absorcao de P e de K e o total absorvido tambem foram influenciados pelo revestimento das sementes em virtude do aumento no crescimento inicial das plantulas. De modo geral, independentemente do tipo de revestimento das sementes, houve maior absorcao de fosforo e de potassio quando as sementes foram peletizadas. A taxa de absorcao de fosforo aumentou com o peso da materia seca do sistema radicular e com o peso da materia seca da parte aerea, mas, neste caso, ate o limite de 3,5 umol planta-1 h-1 de P. Taxas de absorcao acima deste valor nao estiveram associadas ao aumento do peso da materia seca da parte aerea

A New Species of Grigiotermes (Apicotermitinae, Termitidae) from the Northern Atlantic Forest, Delimited by Morphological and Molecular Data

In this paper, we described a new species of Grigiotermes, G. piassava sp. n., from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The imago and worker caste are described, including the gut morphology. The inclusion of the new species in Grigiotermes was based on morphological and DNA data. Apparently, the distribution of the species is limited to the northern region of the Atlantic Forest, located above the São Francisco River, which is considered one of the most threatened sectors of the biome