Estimation of Salt Intake by 24 Hours Urinary Sodium Excretion in Normotensive Subjects of Jaipur City, Rajasthan

The prevalence of hypertension has increased dramatically in developing countries like India, where marked changes have occurred in food consumption pattern changing to more western along with traditional which also contributes rich amount of sodium in our cuisines. Given the rising burden of hypertension and high salt consumption, the priority intervention of choice for hypertension prevention and control is population-wide salt reduction. Therefore it’s imperative to determine current consumption levels so that appropriate evidence-based preventative public health action can be initiated. Such data is critical in facilitating the development and implementation of an India-specific salt reduction programme. The study was conducted on 30 subjects residing in Jaipur city. Sodium consumption of the subjects was found by using 24 hours urinary sodium excretion, “gold standard” method suggested by WHO/PAHO (2010) and 24 hours dietary recall for three days including one holiday. The findings of the study indicated that the condition is alarming in Jaipur City as subjects are found to be consuming much more of sodium (4474 mg/day in males and 4150.30 mg/day in females) than recommended by WHO, i.e. less than 2300 mg/day. There is an urge need for meaningful strategy to reduce salt intake and it must involve public education and awareness to change the consumption pattern

Worldwide Consumption of Sodium and Its Impact on Human Health

Sodium intake of different populations around the world varies markedly. In the vast majority of populations, salt intake is high and well above recommended daily intakes. There is strong and consistent evidence from animal studies, clinical trials and epidemiological data both within and across populations implicating high salt intake as an important risk factor for high blood pressure among both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. High salt is also associated with increased risk of future CHD and stroke. A search strategy was developed to identify studies that reported the data base about sodium intake around the world as well as its impact on human health. Data available around the world indicates that there is a strong need to initiate the sodium reduction programme as excessive sodium consumption found to be associated with many health problems especially hypertension which may further leads to cardiovascular disease and many more

Ezrin phosphorylation on tyrosine 477 regulates invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells

Background The membrane cytoskeletal crosslinker, ezrin, a member of the ERM family of proteins, is frequently over-expressed in human breast cancers, and is required for motility and invasion of epithelial cells. Our group previously showed that ezrin acts co-operatively with the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Src, in deregulation of cell-cell contacts and scattering of epithelial cells. In particular, ezrin phosphorylation on Y477 by Src is specific to ezrin within the ERM family, and is required for HGF-induced scattering of epithelial cells. We therefore sought to examine the role of Y477 phosphorylation in ezrin on tumor progression. Methods Using a highly metastatic mouse mammary carcinoma cell line (AC2M2), we tested the effect of over-expressing a non-phosphorylatable form of ezrin (Y477F) on invasive colony growth in 3-dimensional Matrigel cultures, and on local invasion and metastasis in an orthotopic engraftment model. Results AC2M2 cells over-expressing Y477F ezrin exhibited delayed migration in vitro, and cohesive round colonies in 3-dimensional Matrigel cultures, compared to control cells that formed invasive colonies with branching chains of cells and numerous actin-rich protrusions. Moreover, over-expression of Y477F ezrin inhibits local tumor invasion in vivo. Whereas orthotopically injected wild type AC2M2 tumor cells were found to infiltrate into the abdominal wall and visceral organs within three weeks, tumors expressing Y477F ezrin remained circumscribed, with little invasion into the surrounding stroma and abdominal wall. Additionally, Y477F ezrin reduces the number of lung metastatic lesions. Conclusions Our study implicates a role of Y477 ezrin, which is phosphorylated by Src, in regulating local invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells, and provides a clinically relevant model for assessing the Src/ezrin pathway as a potential prognostic/predictive marker or treatment target for invasive human breast cancer.Canadian Breast Cancer Research Alliance (BEE, 017374)Canadian Institutes of Health Research (BEE, 102644)Physicians Society Inc.Association pour le développement de la recherche sur le cancer (France

Incidence of sleep problems and their mediating role on depression and anxious preoccupation in patients with resected, non-advanced cancer: data from NEOcoping study

Background: Our study analyzes the incidence of sleep problems and their mediating role on depression and anxious preoccupation in patients with resected, non-advanced cancer. Methods: A multi-institutional, prospective, observational study was conducted with 750 participants of 14 hospitals in Spain. Participants' socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected using a standardized self-report form and using EORTC QoL-QLQ-C30, BSI, Mini-MAC questionnaires. Results: In women, sleep problems, depression and anxious preoccupation were observed in 65, 41 and 21%, respectively. In men, sleep problems, depression and anxious preoccupation were reported in 51, 29 and 61%, respectively. More sleep problems, depression and anxious preoccupation were found among women than males. Depression was a significant predictor of anxious preoccupation. In males, sleep problems partially mediated this association. This was not confirmed in women

A retrospective analysis of ezrin protein and mRNA expression in breast cancer: Ezrin expression is associated with patient survival and survival of patients with receptor‐positive disease

Introduction: The cytoskeletal protein ezrin is upregulated in many cancer types and is strongly associated with poor patient outcome. While the clinical and prognostic value of ezrin has been previously evaluated in breast cancer, most studies to date have been conducted in smaller cohorts (less than 500 cases) or have focused on specific disease characteristics. The current study is the largest of its kind to evaluate ezrin both at the protein and mRNA levels in early‐stage breast cancer patients using the Nottingham (n = 1094) and METABRIC (n = 1980) cohorts, respectively. Results: High expression of ezrin was significantly associated with larger tumour size (p = 0.027), higher tumour grade (p < 0.001), worse Nottingham Prognostic Index prognostic group (p = 0.011) and HER2‐positive status (p = 0.001). High ezrin expression was significantly associated with adverse survival of breast cancer patients (p < 0.001) and remained associated with survival in multivariate Cox‐regression analysis (p = 0.018, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.343, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.051–1.716) when potentially confounding factors were included. High ezrin expression was significantly associated with adverse survival of patients whose tumours were categorised as receptor (oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) or HER2) positive (p < 0.001) in comparison to those categorised as triple‐negative breast cancer (p = 0.889). High expression of ezrin mRNA (VIL2) in the METABRIC cohort was also significantly associated with adverse survival of breast cancer patients (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Retrospective analyses show that ezrin is an independent prognostic marker, with higher expression associated with shortened survival in receptor‐positive (ER, PgR or HER2) patients. Ezrin expression is associated with more aggressive disease and may have clinical utility as a biomarker of patient prognosis in early‐stage breast cancer

Detection of inflammatory bowel disease by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS) using an animal model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this study was to analyze the potential of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H MRS) in diagnosing early inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were fed 2% carrageenan in their diet for either 1 or 2 weeks. ¹H MRS was performed <it>ex-vivo </it>on colonic mucosal samples (n = 123) and the spectra were analyzed by a multivariate method of analysis. The results of the multivariate analysis were correlated with histological analysis performed using H & E stain for the presence of inflammation in the samples from each group.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Multivariate analysis classified the samples in their respective groups with an accuracy of 82%. Our region selection algorithm identified four regions in the spectra as being discriminatory. The metabolites assigned to these regions include creatine, phosphatidylcholine, the -C<b>H</b>₂HC= group in fatty acyl chain, and the glycerol backbone of lipids. The differences in concentration of these metabolites in each group offer insight into the biochemical changes occurring during IBD and confer diagnostic potential to ¹H MRS as a tool to study colonic inflammation in conjunction with biopsy.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>¹H MRS is a sensitive tool to detect early colonic inflammation in an animal model of IBD.</p

Discussion and expostulations on postoperative worsening of hearing following middle ear surgeries

Abstract Background Hearing assessment after middle ear surgery has always been of interest to otologists for one of its major unavoidable and unpredictable complication is hearing loss. As the initial indication for operation is to treat precisely this problem, this complication poses a major dilemma for surgeons. We, thus, aimed to detect the proportion of postoperative worsening of hearing, causes, and risk factors in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. Method This retrospective descriptive study was conducted in the department of otolaryngology of a tertiary care center and data of medical records were retrieved from January 2016 until December 2020. This study included middle ear surgery patients with pre- and postoperative audiometric results. Those patients whose hearing worsened post-operatively (where bone conduction deteriorated > 10 dB) were noted and assessed accordingly. Results The medical records regarding morphological and audiological outcomes of 178 patients were available. We observed auditory degradation after surgery in eight patients (five primary cases and three revision cases), with an overall incidence rate of 4.49%. The mastoidectomy was performed in seven cases, either cortical (n = 5) and modified radical (n = 2). Modified radical mastoidectomy showed the greatest incidence of hearing loss (40%) among all surgical procedures. Except in one case, where sudden, profound loss occurred following otorrhoea on third day, hearing loss was progressive in rest of cases. Conclusion A patient with deteriorating hearing after middle ear surgery must be evaluated properly. There is an increased chance of hearing loss following surgery that involves more ossicular manipulation, drilling, extensive disease clearance, and revision. Utmost care must be taken while operating around ossicles and during disease clearance in key areas. Proper consent should be taken from such patients to avoid future litigations