One-stage versus two-stage piezocision-assisted orthodontic tooth movement: A preclinical study based on Nano-CT and RT-PCR analyses.

peer reviewed[en] OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a second-stage piezocision on the biological response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 60 rats were randomly allocated to 6 experimental groups of 10 rats. Rats undergoing a one-stage piezocision were sacrified on day 7, 28 and 42 (groups 1-3) while rats undergoing a two-satge piezocision were sacrified on day 42, 63 and 90 (groups 4-6), respectively. The biological response was investigated in 3D at the tissue level using Nano-computed tomography (Nano-CT) and, at the molecular level using the qRT-PCR technique. Bone Volume Fraction (BVF) loss was the primary endpoint. RESULTS: Similar loss of BVF were observed both after the first and second piezocisions. The change in BVF loss between 7 and 28 days after each piezocision were 25.1 ± 13.0 (SE)% and 11.2 ± 11.6 (SE)% respectively and did not differ from each other (p = 0.43). Changes in BVF loss from 7 to 42 days were also comparable in one-stage and two-stage piezocision (4.9 ± 12.3 (SE) vs. -19.9 ± 13.4 (SE), p = 0.19). At the molecular level, all parameters except Translating Ribosome Affinity Purification (TRAP) protein had identical patterns. CONCLUSION: Within the limits of the present study, a second piezocision allowed to re-induce the Regional Acceleratory Phenomenon (RAP) effect. Nevertheless, the relevance of the findings to the clinical effect has not been tested

Model-Based Design to Enhance Neotissue Formation in Additively Manufactured Calcium-Phosphate-Based Scaffolds

peer reviewedIn biomaterial-based bone tissue engineering, optimizing scaffold structure and composition remains an active field of research. Additive manufacturing has enabled the production of custom designs in a variety of materials. This study aims to improve the design of calcium-phosphatebased additively manufactured scaffolds, the material of choice in oral bone regeneration, by using a combination of in silico and in vitro tools. Computer models are increasingly used to assist in design optimization by providing a rational way of merging different requirements into a single design. The starting point for this study was an in-house developed in silico model describing the in vitro formation of neotissue, i.e., cells and the extracellular matrix they produced. The level set method was applied to simulate the interface between the neotissue and the void space inside the scaffold pores. In order to calibrate the model, a custom disk-shaped scaffold was produced with prismatic canals of different geometries (circle, hexagon, square, triangle) and inner diameters (0.5 mm, 0.7 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm). The disks were produced with three biomaterials (hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and a blend of both). After seeding with skeletal progenitor cells and a cell culture for up to 21 days, the extent of neotissue growth in the disks’ canals was analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. The results clearly demonstrated that in the presence of calcium-phosphate-based materials, the curvature-based growth principle was maintained. Bayesian optimization was used to determine the model parameters for the different biomaterials used. Subsequently, the calibrated model was used to predict neotissue growth in a 3D gyroid structure. The predicted results were in line with the experimentally obtained ones, demonstrating the potential of the calibrated model to be used as a tool in the design and optimization of 3D-printed calcium-phosphate-based biomaterials for bone regeneration

Rôle des lymphocytes T TCR γδ dans la progression des lésions associées à l'infection par les papillomavirus humains

Cervical cancer was the fourth most frequent cancer in women in 2012, with the majority of cases occurring in less developed countries. Although this cancer is induced by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infections that have a high prevalence, only a very few percentage of infected women will developed this disease. Host immune defenses are essential to clear infection and to kill virus-infected transformed cells. Indeed, majority of infected women clear the virus within two years while immunocompromised patients are more likely to develop cervical preneoplastic lesions and cancers. γδ T cells have been shown to protect against the formation of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in several models. Nowadays, the contribution of γδ T cells in HPV associated uterine cervical SCC is unknown. Here we investigated the impact of γδ T cells in a transgenic mouse model of carcinogenesis induced by HPV16-oncoproteins. Surprisingly, γδ T cells promoted the development of HPV16-oncoprotein-induced lesions. These oncoproteins induced a decrease in epidermal Skint-1 expression and modification of the associated anti-tumor Vγ5+ γδ T cells (or DETC), which were joined by other γδ T cell subsets actively producing IL-17. Consistent with a proangiogenic role, γδ T cells promoted the formation of blood vessels in the dermis underlying the HPV-induced lesions. In human cervical, IL-17+ γδ T cells could be only observed at the cancer stage (SCC) (but not in less advanced cervical lesions), where HPV oncoproteins are highly expressed, supporting the clinical relevance of our observations in mice. Overall, our results suggest that HPV16-oncoproteins induce a reorganization of the local epithelial-associated γδ T cell Subpopulations thereby promoting angiogenesis and cancer development

Origin and immunoescape of uterine cervical cancer

Human papillomavirus associated uterine cervical cancer is an important public health problem since it is classified as the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide with more than 500 000 recorded cases. This review is focused on where and why HPV infection induces cervical cancers and how this virus avoids the host immune response. Immunological therapeutic approaches are also addressed