Estudio de la casuística de las declaratorias de los estados de excepción y su relación con la norma constitucional y los instrumentos internacionales de los que el Ecuador es parte

El presente trabajo de investigación se inicia singularizando el significado de casuística diciendo que es un método de razonamiento especialmente útil en analizar cuestiones que atañen a dilemas morales. También es una rama de la ética aplicada.  Es así mismo la base de la jurisprudencia en el derecho común, y la forma estándar de razonamiento aplicada en el derecho común; está enfocado en los decretos ejecutivos que declaran los estados de excepción en nuestro Estado ecuatoriano los mismos que han sido declarados sin el estricto cumplimiento y apego a lo que dispone el mandato constitucional, a consecuencia de eso se ha vulnerado derechos y principios como: Derecho a la libertad, principio de territorialidad, temporalidad contemplados en la normativa ya referida.  Se ha utilizado la metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa, métodos inductivo, deductivo, analítico, sintético, histórico-lógico y descriptivo técnicas y herramientas como la observación directa y la encuesta, a fin de enfocar una investigación jurídica y de calidad, las ideas del pasado y como ha transcurrido hasta la actualidad y criterios de los profesionales del derecho como también de la población encuestada que aportan a la presente, la línea de investigación: “Retos, Perspectivas y Perfeccionamiento de las Ciencias Jurídicas en Ecuador.”, “Fundamentos técnicos y doctrinales de las ciencias penales en Ecuador, Tendencias y perspectivas”, aprobada por la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes UNIANDES.” Con el desarrollo del presente trabajo investigativo, se pretende obtener del Estudio de la Casuística de las declaratorias de los estados de excepción, si esta figura jurídica normativa constitucional vulnera o no los derechos fundamentales contemplados en la constitución y los instrumentos Internacionales

La impugnación ilegal de la resolución negativa desde el visto bueno

El visto bueno es la institución jurídica que, en Ecuador faculta al empleador y trabajador acudir al Inspector del Trabajo, para terminar el contrato individual de trabajo por una o más de las causas establecidas en los artículos 172 y 173 del Código del Trabajo. La autoridad competente para sustanciar y resolver negando o aceptando la solicitud de visto bueno es el Inspector del Trabajo, cumpliendo el procedimiento establecido en el artículo 621 ibídem. La decisión positiva de esta autoridad faculta terminar el contrato de trabajo, en tanto que la decisión negativa obliga a la continuidad del contrato individual e impide su terminación por esta vía legal, sin perjuicio que vuelva a proponerse si existe fundamento legal. La investigación se centró en un análisis crítico ante la impugnación de la resolución que niega el visto bueno; pues el artículo 589 del Código del Trabajo establece que se tendrá por informe la resolución que concede el visto bueno y no la que niega. La metodología investigativa fue de tipo documental, se empleó el método histórico y como complemento el método analítico-sintético, las fichas fueron las herramientas utilizadas. El resultado obtenido fue que no es impugnable en vía judicial la resolución que niega el visto bueno; concluyendo que solo el Inspector del Trabajo puede dar por terminado o no el contrato individual de trabajo previa solicitud de visto bueno; que el Juez carece de competencia para conocer la impugnación del visto bueno negado

Irazú: cubesat mission architecture and development

ArtículoThe Central American Association of Aeronautics and Space (ACAE) and the Costa Rican Institute of Technology (TEC), in partnership with industry and government, have identified the promotion of aerospace as a very promising strategy for economic, scientific, and technological development in Costa Rica. Several studies, including a state-of-the-art mapping of aerospace industry made by ACAE, the Central American Institute of Business Administration (INCAE) and the Costa Rican Foreign Trade Agency (PROCOMER) [1], have identified actions to enable the development of the aerospace sector in the country. Among them, a significant catalyst would be a practical demonstration of the technical capabilities to develop a space engineering project. The Irazú project is an innovative mission taking place in Costa Rica, which aims to launch the first Central American satellite in orbit by 2018. The project, led by ACAE and TEC, has two main objectives: a) to complete a space project life-cycle, and b) to develop a platform to monitor the growth in biomass of planted trees to offset carbon emissions and to help reduce Global Warming. This project supports the efforts of Costa Rica to become the first carbon neutral country in the world. The mission is divided into three segments: the remote station, the space segment, and the ground segment. The remote station is located at the northern region of the country. Sensors will be placed there to measure tree growth, soil humidity, and other weather variables. Collected data in the remote station will be transmitted to the space segment, a 1 unit (1U) CubeSat in Lower Earth Orbit (LEO), that in turn will transmit the data to the ground segment. The latter includes the ground station, mission control, and a data visualization center, which will process the scientific data to make it available to the public. To validate the execution of the project and to strengthen international cooperation, international partners from Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom have been enlisted to train Costa Rican engineers, evaluate the work planning process, provide testing facilities, and provide launching services. The Irazú mission follows the NASA project life-cycle as a reference, and it is divided into seven phases. This paper focuses on the results of Phase C, which consists of the definition of the critical design of the mission. Moreover, the lessons learned will be described, focusing on the issues relevant to developing countries that aim to develop similar projects

Nanocellulose/bioactive glass cryogels as scaffolds for bone regeneration

A major challenge exists in the preparation of scaffolds for bone regeneration, namely, achieving simultaneously bioactivity, biocompatibility, mechanical performance and simple manufacturing. Here, cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) are introduced for the preparation of scaffolds taking advantage of their biocompatibility and ability to form strong 3D porous networks from aqueous suspensions. CNF are made bioactive for bone formation through a simple and scalable strategy that achieves highly interconnected 3D networks. The resultant materials optimally combine morphological and mechanical features and facilitate hydroxyapatite formation while releasing essential ions for in vivo bone repair. The porosity and roughness of the scaffolds favor several cell functions while the ions act in the expression of genes associated with cell differentiation. Ion release is found critical to enhance the production of the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) from cells within the fractured area, thus accelerating the in vivo bone repair. Systemic biocompatibility indicates no negative effects on vital organs such as the liver and kidneys. The results pave the way towards a facile preparation of advanced, high performance CNF-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Incidencias de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana en la sociedad ecuatoriana

En agosto de 1994, luego de 106 años de acción salesiana en el Ecuador, nace oficialmente la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, obra que da continuidad a la presencia pastoral-educativa iniciada en Quito, en 1888, cuando los salesianos asumen la responsabilidad del Protectorado Católico de Artes y Oficios e inician el primer Oratorio Festivo. Posteriormente, la acción salesiana se extendió a Riobamba (1891), Cuenca (1893), Gualaquiza (1893), Guayaquil (1902), Manabí (1927), Indanza (1914), Méndez (1915), Macas (1924), Sucúa (1931) y Limón (1936). La educación, para Don Bosco y los salesianos, constituye la mejor opción para el desarrollo de la persona, específicamente de niños y jóvenes, quienes desde su propia realidad y circunstancias son actores de transformación y mejora social, siendo honrados ciudadanos y buenos cristianos. La presencia universitaria salesiana responde a las exigencias actuales de la pastoral juvenil, experiencia que tributa a la continuidad educativa de acompañamiento más allá de la adolescencia, con la voluntad de crear oportunidades de estudios universitarios a personas de los sectores sociales que tradicionalmente no las han tenido. En homenaje a los 25 años de vida institucional y a su memoria histórica, esta edición presenta una síntesis de la presencia e incidencia social de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana en el Ecuador durante este período, realidad que fue posible gracias el apoyo recibido de las autoridades universitarias, docentes y estudiantes de la Carrera de Comunicación Social en las sedes Cuenca, Quito y Guayaquil, de los integrantes del Grupo de Investigación de Ciencias de la Educación (GICCEE) y del Grupo de Investigación en Comunicación de la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (GICUPS)

Testing and Operations of a Store and Forward CubeSat for Environmental Monitoring of Costa Rica

In 2007, the Government of Costa Rica announced to the world its ambitious goal of turning into the first carbon neutral country by 2021. Following the announcement, governmental institutions, universities, NGOs and private companies have worked arduously on the creation of different initiatives to reach that goal. One innovative project is Irazu, consisting of the design, construction, launch, and operation of the first Central American satellite. The project is not just intended to enable a baseline for training scientists, engineers, and managers in the necessary skills to execute an end-to-end space project. It also aims to demonstrate a CubeSat Store and Forward (CS and F) System that enables transmission of biomass and carbon dioxide fixation data from a remote fast growth tree plantation in the lowlands of Costa Rica to a research facility for its post-processing and analysis. The Irazu project is led jointly by the Central American Association for Aeronautics and Space (ACAE) and the Costa Rica Institute of Technology (TEC). It also involves a variety of national and international stakeholders from government, academia, and industry. This paper is a continuation of previous reports on Irazu that were presented at the Workshop on Small Satellite Programs at the Service of Developing Countries over the last five International Astronautical Congresses. The project has already reached major milestones, such as the approval of the final design presented in the Critical Design Review (CDR), successful assembly of the manufactured structure and the components received from different CubeSat component providers, and successful performance during various environmental tests. The mission and satellite system architecture for a CS and F system were defined, which included the three primary components: the remote station, the spacecraft, and the ground segment. Experts from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Kyushu Institute of Technology (Kyutech) and Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) revised the design of Irazu. Advances in the Assembly, Integration and Testing (AI and T) phase are presented and discussed, which include the development of spacecraft components, testing of the communication link, assembly of the satellite and initial results of environmental testing. International cooperation is emphasized in this phase, because Costa Rican engineers carry out testing at the laboratories of the Kyushu Institute of Technology. Furthermore, advances in the satellite frequency coordination process and spacecraft registration for an emerging space nation are presented, as well as the lessons learned from the AI and T phase

Pancreatic surgery outcomes: multicentre prospective snapshot study in 67 countries

Background: Pancreatic surgery remains associated with high morbidity rates. Although postoperative mortality appears to have improved with specialization, the outcomes reported in the literature reflect the activity of highly specialized centres. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes following pancreatic surgery worldwide.Methods: This was an international, prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional snapshot study of consecutive patients undergoing pancreatic operations worldwide in a 3-month interval in 2021. The primary outcome was postoperative mortality within 90 days of surgery. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore relationships with Human Development Index (HDI) and other parameters.Results: A total of 4223 patients from 67 countries were analysed. A complication of any severity was detected in 68.7 percent of patients (2901 of 4223). Major complication rates (Clavien-Dindo grade at least IIIa) were 24, 18, and 27 percent, and mortality rates were 10, 5, and 5 per cent in low-to-middle-, high-, and very high-HDI countries respectively. The 90-day postoperative mortality rate was 5.4 per cent (229 of 4223) overall, but was significantly higher in the low-to-middle-HDI group (adjusted OR 2.88, 95 per cent c.i. 1.80 to 4.48). The overall failure-to-rescue rate was 21 percent; however, it was 41 per cent in low-to-middle-compared with 19 per cent in very high-HDI countries.Conclusion: Excess mortality in low-to-middle-HDI countries could be attributable to failure to rescue of patients from severe complications. The authors call for a collaborative response from international and regional associations of pancreatic surgeons to address management related to death from postoperative complications to tackle the global disparities in the outcomes of pancreatic surgery (NCT04652271; ISRCTN95140761)

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present