Five-years management of an emerging parasite risk (Eustrongylides sp., Nematoda) in a fishery supply chain located on Trasimeno Lake (Italy)

In the last few years, the widespread diffusion of potentially zoonotic parasitic nematodes of the genus Eustrongylides in the Trasimeno Lake, Central Italy, prompted Food Business Operators (FBOs) operating in the freshwater fish supply chain to define preventive measures to reduce or eliminate this new hazard from fishery products. The results of the self-checks for parasite risk management of a fishermen's cooperative over a five-year period (January 2016–April 2021) are presented. Nine freshwater commercial species, perch (Perca fluviatilis), largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides), big-scale sand smelt (Atherina boyeri), eel (Anguilla anguilla), black bullhead (Ictalurus melas), carp (Cyprinus carpio), tench (Tinca tinca), goldfish (Carassius auratus), and pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), differently processed (filleted, whole gutted or whole ungutted), were investigated. The presence of visible parasites was assessed by visual inspection during processing and recorded. Eustrongylides sp. were found in all species examined except for goldfish. Eustrongylides sp. occurrence was negligible in large mouth black bass, eel, carp, and tench, while increasing prevalence rates over the years were observed in fillets of perch <400 g (from 4.2% in 2016 to 68% in 2021), batches of sand smelt (<1%–40%) and pumpkinseed sunfish (6%–99%). Still low but slightly increasing prevalence rates were also observed for black bull head. The rising of the infection in perch, sand smelt, and pumpkinseed sunfish lead to a progressive implementation of preventive measures including the definition of a sampling plan for the visual inspection followed by trimming or removal of the parasites from the muscle or the application of a threshold value to define the marketability of fish batches. This is the first study describing an approach for the management of the emerging risk posed by nematodes of the genus Eustrongylides in a freshwater fishery supply chain. Besides providing an updated epidemiological scenario in Lake Trasimeno, where this parasite was described for the first time in Italy in 2015, it could support other FBOs in the implementation of preventive measures to safeguard consumers' health and trust

Dietary patterns, foods, and food groups : relation to late-life cognitive disorders

The limited efficacy of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (AD) underscores the need for preventive measures to reduce the burden of late-life cognitive impairment. The aim of the present review article was to investigate the relationship among dietary patterns, foods, and food groups and late-life cognitive disorders considering the results of observational studies published in the last three years (2014-2016). In the last decade, the association between diet and cognitive function or dementia has been largely investigated. However, more recently, the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association guidelines for AD and cognitive decline due to AD pathology introduced some evidence suggesting a direct relation between diet and changes in the brain structure and activity. Several studies focused on the role of the dietary patterns on late-life cognition, with accumulating evidence that combinations of foods and nutrients into certain patterns may act synergistically to provide stronger health effects than those conferred by their individual dietary components. In particular, higher adherence to a Mediterranean-type diet was associated with decreased cognitive decline, although the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) combines several foods, micronutrients, and macronutrients already separately proposed as potential protective factors against dementia and MCI. Moreover, also other emerging healthy dietary patterns such as the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and the Mediterranean-DASH diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diets were associated with slower rates of cognitive decline and significant reduction in AD rate. Furthermore, some foods or food groups traditionally considered harmful such as eggs and red meat have been partially rehabilitated, while there is still a negative correlation of cognitive functions with added sugars and trans fatty acids, nutrients also increasing the cardiovascular risk. This would suggest a genesis for the same damage for aging brain

Dietary intervention and prevention of cognitive-related outcomes in healthy older adults without cognitive dysfunction

In the last decade, the association between diet and cognitive function/dementia has been largely investigated in observational studies, while there was a lack of evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on the prevention of late-life cognitive disorders though dietary intervention in cognitively healthy older adults. In the present article, we reviewed RCTs published in the last three years (2014-2016) exploring nutritional intervention efficacy in preventing the onset of late-life cognitive disorders and dementia in cognitively healthy subjects aged over 60 years using different levels of investigation (i.e., dietary pattern changes/ medical food/nutraceutical supplementation/multidomain approach and dietary macro-and micronutrient approaches). From the included RCTs, there was moderate evidence that intervention through dietary pattern changes, medical food/nutraceutical supplementation, and multidomain approach improved specific cognitive domains or cognitive-related blood biomarkers. Moreover, there was high evidence that protein supplementation improved specific cognitive domains. For fatty acid supplementation, mainly long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, there was emerging evidence suggesting an impact of this approach in improving specific cognitive domains, MRI findings, and/or cognitive-related biomarkers also in selected subgroups of older subjects although some results were conflicting. Moreover, there was convincing evidence of an impact of non-flavonoid polyphenol and flavonoid supplementations in improving specific cognitive domains and/or MRI findings. Finally, there was only low evidence suggesting efficacy of intervention with homocysteine-related vitamins in improving cognitive functions, dementia incidence, or cognitive-related biomarkers in cognitively healthy older subjects

Nutritional interventions in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and other late-life cognitive disorders

Given the impact of nutrition on neuroprotection largely investigated in observational studies, in the present article, we reviewed evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published in the last three years (2014-2016) exploring nutritional intervention efficacy in slowing cognitive impairment progression and achieving cognitive-related outcomes in patients aged 60 years and older with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), prodromal AD, AD, unspecified dementia, and vascular dementia using different levels of investigation (i.e., medical food/nutraceutical supplementation/multidomain approach and dietary food/macro-and micronutrient approaches). From the reviewed RCTs, there was emerging evidence that nutritional intervention through medical food/nutraceutical supplementation (Fortasyn Connect\uae and another similar nutraceutical formulation) and multidomain approach improved magnetic resonance imaging findings and other cognitive-related biomarkers, but without clear effect on cognition in mild AD and MCI. Moreover, there was some evidence of a positive effect of antioxidant-rich foods (nuts) in improving specific cognitive domains and cognitive-related outcomes in MCI and mild-to-moderate dementia, but only in small samples. There was also convincing evidence for fatty acid supplementation, mainly n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), in improving specific cognitive domains and/or cognitive-related biomarkers in MCI and AD. Furthermore, antioxidant vitamin and trace element supplementations improved only cognitive-related outcomes and biomarkers, without effect on cognitive function in AD and MCI patients. Finally, high-dose B vitamin supplementation in AD and MCI patients improved cognitive outcomes but only in the subjects with a high baseline plasma n-3 PUFA, while folic acid supplementation had positive impact on specific cognitive domains

Analytical model for the calculation of lateral velocity distributions in potential cross-sections

[EN] The hydraulic modeling of water depth and flow velocities in open channel flows that were fitted by power-law cross-section stand out for their versatility, allowing their use in numerous practical applications, both in natural and artificial channels. The determination of the hydraulic variables of depth and average velocity has been widely studied in potential cross-sections; however, the variation seen in these variables along the cross-section was not found in the literature. Knowledge of this variation allows the development of studies (e.g. to know the approximate damage in different areas of the cross-section, to analyse sediment transport, or other applications in river hydraulics). This paper presents a methodology which allows calculation of the hydraulic variables in any area of a power-law cross-section. The methodology is applied to symmetrical cross-sections, comparing its generated results with the obtained values by different computational hydraulic codes, which are thoroughly accepted by scientific community, such as CES, HEC-RAS and IBER. The obtained predictions of hydraulic parameters (using the explicit formulation described in this research) present very low errors when compared with results of other models, with great computational cost. These errors reach a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.13 and 0.05 in the determination of velocities' lateral distribution and the ratio between velocity and average velocity. These values indicate a very successful validation for the analysed symmetrical sections.[ES] La modelización hidráulica de calados y velocidades de flujo, en cauces con secciones que admiten una representación de tipo potencial, se destaca por su versatilidad, permitiendo su utilización en numerosas aplicaciones prácticas tanto en canales naturales como artificiales. El cálculo de las variables hidráulicas (calado y velocidad media) ha sido ampliamente estudiado para este tipo de secciones. Sin embargo, en la literatura técnica no se han encontrado estudios que muestren la variación de estas magnitudes a lo largo de la sección transversal. El conocimiento de esta variación permite desarrollar estudios (ejemplo: conocer de manera aproximada los daños en diferentes zonas de la sección, analizar el transporte de sedimentos, estudiar los procesos de erosión u otras aplicaciones en hidráulica fluvial). Presentamos una metodología que permite el cálculo de las variables hidráulicas en cualquier zona de una sección tipo potencial. La metodología es aplicada a secciones simétricas, comparando los resultados generados con los obtenidos por diferentes códigos hidráulicos computacionales ampliamente aceptados por la comunidad científica (p-e- CES, HECRAS e IBER). Las predicciones de los parámetros hidráulicos obtenidas (usando la formulación explícita descrita en este artículo) presentan errores muy bajos, en comparación con otros modelos con mayor costo computacional. Estos errores alcanzan un valor promedio para la raíz del error cuadrático medio (RMSE) en el cálculo de la distribución lateral de velocidades de 0.13 y de 0.05, en el cálculo de la relación de velocidades respecto a la velocidad media. Estos valores indican una validación muy satisfactoria para las secciones simétricas analizadas.Sánchez-Romero, F.; Pérez-Sánchez, M.; López Jiménez, PA. (2018). Modelo analítico para el cálculo de distribuciones de velocidad laterales en secciones tipo potencial-ley. RIBAGUA - Revista Iberoamericana del Agua. 5(1):29-47. doi:10.1080/23863781.2018.1442189S29475

Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

Bilancio dinamico nel risalto idraulico diretto

Viene descritto un modello concettuale, relativamente semplice ma sufficientemente completo, del risalto idraulico classico in alveo prismatico rettangolare molto largo, limitatamente al caso, di maggiore interesse pratico, di risalto diretto. Il campo di moto viene idealmente suddiviso in due zone, la corrente principale e la zona di ricircolo sovrastante. Si assume un comportamento reologico macroscopico del liquido incognito, e si esprimono i bilanci, integrati in direzione verticale, di massa, quantità di moto e momento di quantità di moto per la vena principale, per la zona di ricircolo e per l'intera corrente. Si mostra come il modello classico del risalto non soddisfi un bilancio elementare di momento di quantità di moto, e come sia necessario, per risolvere questo paradosso, tenere conto sia della quantità di moto verticale che dello sforzo tangenziale risultante dall'integrazione delle tensioni di Reynolds. Trascurando le tensioni tangenziali al fondo, permane la classica equazione di conservazione della spinta totale. A tale equazione può aggiungersi la legge di variazione del momento della spinta totale, che consente di soddisfare il bilancio globale di momento di quantità di moto. Con ipotesi semplici, ma ingegneristicamente accettabili, inerenti il campo di moto, si ottengono anche l'equazione della superficie di separazione tra vena principale e zona di ricircolo, nonchè l'equazione del profilo della superficie libera nella zona interessata dal risalto diretto. Le prime verifiche, al momento qualitative, con i risultati di letteratura, consentono di considerare soddisfacente il modello proposto