11 research outputs found
A Coordinated Effort to Manage Soybean Rust in North America: A Success Story in Soybean Disease Monitoring
Existing crop monitoring programs determine the incidence and distribution of plant diseases and pathogens and assess the damage caused within a crop production region. These programs have traditionally used observed or predicted disease and pathogen data and environmental information to prescribe management practices that minimize crop loss (3,69). Monitoring programs are especially important for crops with broad geographic distribution or for diseases that can cause rapid and great economic losses. Successful monitoring programs have been developed for several plant diseases, including downy mildew of cucurbits, Fusarium head blight of wheat, potato late blight, and rusts of cereal crops (13,36,51,80)
ΠΠ Π Π€ΠΠ ΠΠ£ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠΠΠΠ₯ Π¦ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ Π£ ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ₯
Purpose. As part of the scientific paper it is necessary to study the waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on longitudinal train dynamics at different modes of braking. At this one should estimate the level of maximum longitudinal forces and braking distance size in freight cars of various lengths. Methodology. In this paper we attempt to approximate the actual diagram of braking cylinders filling with rational functions of varying degrees. In selection of coefficients in the required functions the highest values of the longitudinal forces and braking distances were used as controlled parameters. They were compared with similar values obtained as a result of experimental rides. The level of longitudinal forces and braking distances amount were evaluated by means of mathematical modeling of train longitudinal vibrations, caused by different braking modes. Findings. At mathematical modeling was assumed that the train consists of 60 uniform four-axle gondola cars, weight of 80 tons, equipped with air dispenser No. 483 included in the median operation, composite braking blocks, and one locomotive VL-8. Train before braking has been pre-stretched. Various types of pneumatic braking (emergency, full service and adjusting braking) of the freight train on the horizontal section of the track were simulated. As the calculation results were obtained values of the longitudinal forces, braking distances amounts and reduction time in speed at various braking modes. Originality. Waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on the longitudinal forces level and braking distances amount in freight trains were investigated. Also the longitudinal loading of freight trains at various pneumatic braking was investigated. Practical value. Obtained results can be used to assess the level of largest longitudinal forces and braking distances in the freight trains of different lengths by mathematical modeling of different braking modes.Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· 60-ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΉ 80 ΡΠΎΠ½Π½, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ β 483 (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ), ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΠ-8. ΠΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ) Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ», Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°Ρ
. ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°. Π£ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ²βΡΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠ² Ρ Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π Π΄Π°Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π·ΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π° Π°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΡΠ°Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠ² Ρ ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΡΡ
Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ² Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» Ρ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π· Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. Π ΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠ² ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΡ
Ρ, Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π±Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π· 60-ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
Π²ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ²Π²Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡ 80 ΡΠΎΠ½Π½, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ β 483 (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΈ), ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΠ-8. ΠΠΎΡΠ·Π΄ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΡΠ³Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ·Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌ (Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ) Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
Ρ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠ² Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ», Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠ² ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠ² Ρ Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ
. ΠΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡ Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄ΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΡΡ Π±ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΡΠ° Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠ² Ρ Π²Π°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·Π΄Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡΠ² Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ
ABOUT WAVEFORM OF BRAKING CYLINDER FILLING IN FREIGHT CARS
Purpose. As part of the scientific paper it is necessary to study the waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on longitudinal train dynamics at different modes of braking. At this one should estimate the level of maximum longitudinal forces and braking distance size in freight cars of various lengths. Methodology. In this paper we attempt to approximate the actual diagram of braking cylinders filling with rational functions of varying degrees. In selection of coefficients in the required functions the highest values of the longitudinal forces and braking distances were used as controlled parameters. They were compared with similar values obtained as a result of experimental rides. The level of longitudinal forces and braking distances amount were evaluated by means of mathematical modeling of train longitudinal vibrations, caused by different braking modes. Findings. At mathematical modeling was assumed that the train consists of 60 uniform four-axle gondola cars, weight of 80 tons, equipped with air dispenser No. 483 included in the median operation, composite braking blocks, and one locomotive VL-8. Train before braking has been pre-stretched. Various types of pneumatic braking (emergency, full service and adjusting braking) of the freight train on the horizontal section of the track were simulated. As the calculation results were obtained values of the longitudinal forces, braking distances amounts and reduction time in speed at various braking modes. Originality. Waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on the longitudinal forces level and braking distances amount in freight trains were investigated. Also the longitudinal loading of freight trains at various pneumatic braking was investigated. Practical value. Obtained results can be used to assess the level of largest longitudinal forces and braking distances in the freight trains of different lengths by mathematical modeling of different braking modes
ELASTIC-FRICTION SIDE BEARER FOR FREIGHT CAR BOGIE
Purpose. One should clarify the issues concerning the wear reduction of details of freight car side bearers, costs reduction for the worn details reconstruction, improvement the dynamic characteristics of railway vehicles and the increase of their movement safety. Methodology. Wear-resistant elements of the side bearers are made in the form of removable metal-ceramic plates, entrenched on friction planes. Findings. During operation due to pollution, wear of friction surfaces and other causes the power characteristics of side bearer may significantly vary, which adversely affects the dynamic qualities of bogies, and as a result the train traffic safety. Therefore, the solution proposed by the authors concerning the operation improvement of elastic frictional side bearers by means of their modernization is an urgent one. Originality. The design of the bogie side bearer of freight car was improved. Friction wedge was set on the spring; its inclined surface interacts with a support inclined platform of a plate through the plate with the durable elements in the form of metal-ceramic inserts. Practical value. The use of wear-resistant elements in the form of interchangeable metal-ceramic inserts will reduce the wear of connection joints of bogie and a freight car frame, improve its dynamic qualities. It will also decrease the costs for restoration of worn side bearers by friction
A Coordinated Effort to Manage Soybean Rust in North America: A Success Story in Soybean Disease Monitoring
Existing crop monitoring programs determine the incidence and distribution of plant diseases and pathogens and assess the damage caused within a crop production region. These programs have traditionally used observed or predicted disease and pathogen data and environmental information to prescribe management practices that minimize crop loss (3,69). Monitoring programs are especially important for crops with broad geographic distribution or for diseases that can cause rapid and great economic losses. Successful monitoring programs have been developed for several plant diseases, including downy mildew of cucurbits, Fusarium head blight of wheat, potato late blight, and rusts of cereal crops (13,36,51,80)