11 research outputs found

    A Coordinated Effort to Manage Soybean Rust in North America: A Success Story in Soybean Disease Monitoring

    Get PDF
    Existing crop monitoring programs determine the incidence and distribution of plant diseases and pathogens and assess the damage caused within a crop production region. These programs have traditionally used observed or predicted disease and pathogen data and environmental information to prescribe management practices that minimize crop loss (3,69). Monitoring programs are especially important for crops with broad geographic distribution or for diseases that can cause rapid and great economic losses. Successful monitoring programs have been developed for several plant diseases, including downy mildew of cucurbits, Fusarium head blight of wheat, potato late blight, and rusts of cereal crops (13,36,51,80)

    ПРО ЀОРМУ ΠšΠ Π˜Π’ΠžΠ‡ ΠΠΠŸΠžΠ’ΠΠ•ΠΠΠ― Π“ΠΠ›Π¬ΠœΠ†Π’ΠΠ˜Π₯ Π¦Π˜Π›Π†ΠΠ”Π Π†Π’ Π£ Π’ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ–ΠΠ˜Π₯ ΠŸΠžΠ‡Π—Π”ΠΠ₯

    No full text
    Purpose. As part of the scientific paper it is necessary to study the waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on longitudinal train dynamics at different modes of braking. At this one should estimate the level of maximum longitudinal forces and braking distance size in freight cars of various lengths. Methodology. In this paper we attempt to approximate the actual diagram of braking cylinders filling with rational functions of varying degrees. In selection of coefficients in the required functions the highest values of the longitudinal forces and braking distances were used as controlled parameters. They were compared with similar values obtained as a result of experimental rides. The level of longitudinal forces and braking distances amount were evaluated by means of mathematical modeling of train longitudinal vibrations, caused by different braking modes. Findings. At mathematical modeling was assumed that the train consists of 60 uniform four-axle gondola cars, weight of 80 tons, equipped with air dispenser No. 483 included in the median operation, composite braking blocks, and one locomotive VL-8. Train before braking has been pre-stretched. Various types of pneumatic braking (emergency, full service and adjusting braking) of the freight train on the horizontal section of the track were simulated. As the calculation results were obtained values of the longitudinal forces, braking distances amounts and reduction time in speed at various braking modes. Originality. Waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on the longitudinal forces level and braking distances amount in freight trains were investigated. Also the longitudinal loading of freight trains at various pneumatic braking was investigated. Practical value. Obtained results can be used to assess the level of largest longitudinal forces and braking distances in the freight trains of different lengths by mathematical modeling of different braking modes.ЦСль. Π’ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π½Π°ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Π½ΡƒΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ влияниС Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ наполнСния Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ… тормоТСния Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°. НСобходимо ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ этом ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сил ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π’ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ сдСлана ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ° Π°ΠΏΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΡ‹ наполнСния Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ функциями Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ стСпСни. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π±ΠΎΡ€Π΅ коэффициСнтов Π² искомых функциях Π² качСствС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² использовались наибольшиС значСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сил ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡŒ с Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. Π£Ρ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сил ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ с ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ матСматичСского модСлирования ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ… двиТСния, Π²Ρ‹Π·Π²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ тормоТСния. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ матСматичСском ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡŒ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ состоит ΠΈΠ· 60-Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… чСтырСхосных ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² массой 80 Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½, ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… воздухораспрСдСлитСлями β„– 483 (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° срСдний Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹), ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π° Π’Π›-8. ПоСзд ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ тормоТСния Π±Ρ‹Π» ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ растянут. ΠœΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ‹ пнСвматичСских Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (экстрСнноС, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ слуТСбноС ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ΅ тормоТСния) Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΌ участкС ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ. Π’ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Π΅ расчСтов Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Ρ‹ значСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сил, Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ врСмя сниТСния скорости двиТСния ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ… тормоТСния. Научная Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°. ИсслСдовано влияниС Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ наполнСния Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сил ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°Ρ…. ИсслСдована Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Π°Ρ Π½Π°Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… пнСвматичСских тормоТСниях. ΠŸΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ. ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π±Ρ‹Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ‹ для ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ уровня Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… сил ΠΈ Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ Π² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ‹ ΠΏΡƒΡ‚Π΅ΠΌ матСматичСского модСлирования Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ² Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚Π°. Π£ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… Π½Π°ΡƒΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ— Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ²Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ— наповнСння Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ»Ρ–Π½Π΄Ρ€Ρ–Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ… Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π½Π° поздовТню Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡ–ΠΊΡƒ ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄Ρƒ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Ρ†ΡŒΠΎΠΌΡƒ обов’язково ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Ρ–Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π΅Π½ΡŒ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ–Ρ… сил Ρ‚Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…Ρ–Π² Ρƒ Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄Π°Ρ… Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΡ— Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°. Π’ Π΄Π°Π½Ρ–ΠΉ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ– Π·Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½Π° спроба апроксимувати Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ– Π΄Ρ–Π°Π³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ наповнСння Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ»Ρ–Π½Π΄Ρ€Ρ–Π² Ρ€Π°Ρ†Ρ–ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ функціями Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ступСня. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ– ΠΊΠΎΠ΅Ρ„Ρ–Ρ†Ρ–Ρ”Π½Ρ‚Ρ–Π² Ρƒ Ρ†ΠΈΡ… функціях Π² якості ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€Ρ–Π² використовувалися Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆΡ– значСння ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ–Ρ… сил Ρ– Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½Ρ– ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…ΠΈ, які ΠΏΠΎΡ€Ρ–Π²Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π· Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π² Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ– Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄ΠΎΠΊ. Π Ρ–Π²Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ–Ρ… сил Ρ‚Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…Ρ–Π² ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π° допомогою ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ модСлювання ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ–Ρ… коливань ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Ρ…Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ… Ρ€ΡƒΡ…Ρƒ, Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ. ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŽΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ– пСрСдбачалося, Ρ‰ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°Ρ”Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π· 60-Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ€Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ‡ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡŒΠΎΡ…Π²Ρ–ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ–Π²Π²Π°Π³ΠΎΠ½Ρ–Π² масою 80 Ρ‚ΠΎΠ½Π½, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ–Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ–Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ β„– 483 (Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° сСрСдній Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌ Ρ€ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈ), ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†Ρ–ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ– ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π° Π’Π›-8. ΠŸΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π±ΡƒΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΡŒΠΎ розтягнутий. МодСлювалися Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½Ρ– Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… гальм (СкстрСнС, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ слуТбовС Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΡŽΠ²Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Π΅ Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ) Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄Π° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ–ΠΉ ділянці ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…Ρƒ. Π’ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ– Ρ€ΠΎΠ·Ρ€Π°Ρ…ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ–Π² Π±ΡƒΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ– значСння ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ–Ρ… сил, Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…Ρ–Π² Ρ‚Π° час зниТСння ΡˆΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ– Ρ€ΡƒΡ…Ρƒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ розглянутих Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ… Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ. Наукова Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π°. ДослідТСно Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡ— наповнСння Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ†ΠΈΠ»Ρ–Π½Π΄Ρ€Ρ–Π² Π½Π° Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π΅Π½ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ–Ρ… сил Ρ‚Π° Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Ρƒ Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…Ρ–Π² Ρƒ Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄Π°Ρ…. ДослідТСна Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ поздовТня Π½Π°Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄Ρ–Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ…. ΠŸΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΠΌΡ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ. ΠžΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½Ρ– Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΡƒΡ‚ΠΈ використані для ΠΎΡ†Ρ–Π½ΠΊΠΈ рівня Π½Π°ΠΉΠ±Ρ–Π»ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠ½Ρ–Ρ… сил Ρ‚Π° Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡ–Π²Π½ΠΈΡ… ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…Ρ–Π² Ρƒ Π²Π°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡ—Π·Π΄Π°Ρ… Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΎΡ— Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡˆΠ»ΡΡ…ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ модСлювання Ρ€Ρ–Π·Π½ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΡ–Π² Π³Π°Π»ΡŒΠΌΡƒΠ²Π°Π½ΡŒ

    ABOUT WAVEFORM OF BRAKING CYLINDER FILLING IN FREIGHT CARS

    No full text
    Purpose. As part of the scientific paper it is necessary to study the waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on longitudinal train dynamics at different modes of braking. At this one should estimate the level of maximum longitudinal forces and braking distance size in freight cars of various lengths. Methodology. In this paper we attempt to approximate the actual diagram of braking cylinders filling with rational functions of varying degrees. In selection of coefficients in the required functions the highest values of the longitudinal forces and braking distances were used as controlled parameters. They were compared with similar values obtained as a result of experimental rides. The level of longitudinal forces and braking distances amount were evaluated by means of mathematical modeling of train longitudinal vibrations, caused by different braking modes. Findings. At mathematical modeling was assumed that the train consists of 60 uniform four-axle gondola cars, weight of 80 tons, equipped with air dispenser No. 483 included in the median operation, composite braking blocks, and one locomotive VL-8. Train before braking has been pre-stretched. Various types of pneumatic braking (emergency, full service and adjusting braking) of the freight train on the horizontal section of the track were simulated. As the calculation results were obtained values of the longitudinal forces, braking distances amounts and reduction time in speed at various braking modes. Originality. Waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on the longitudinal forces level and braking distances amount in freight trains were investigated. Also the longitudinal loading of freight trains at various pneumatic braking was investigated. Practical value. Obtained results can be used to assess the level of largest longitudinal forces and braking distances in the freight trains of different lengths by mathematical modeling of different braking modes

    ELASTIC-FRICTION SIDE BEARER FOR FREIGHT CAR BOGIE

    No full text
    Purpose. One should clarify the issues concerning the wear reduction of details of freight car side bearers, costs reduction for the worn details reconstruction, improvement the dynamic characteristics of railway vehicles and the increase of their movement safety. Methodology. Wear-resistant elements of the side bearers are made in the form of removable metal-ceramic plates, entrenched on friction planes. Findings. During operation due to pollution, wear of friction surfaces and other causes the power characteristics of side bearer may significantly vary, which adversely affects the dynamic qualities of bogies, and as a result the train traffic safety. Therefore, the solution proposed by the authors concerning the operation improvement of elastic frictional side bearers by means of their modernization is an urgent one. Originality. The design of the bogie side bearer of freight car was improved. Friction wedge was set on the spring; its inclined surface interacts with a support inclined platform of a plate through the plate with the durable elements in the form of metal-ceramic inserts. Practical value. The use of wear-resistant elements in the form of interchangeable metal-ceramic inserts will reduce the wear of connection joints of bogie and a freight car frame, improve its dynamic qualities. It will also decrease the costs for restoration of worn side bearers by friction

    A Coordinated Effort to Manage Soybean Rust in North America: A Success Story in Soybean Disease Monitoring

    Get PDF
    Existing crop monitoring programs determine the incidence and distribution of plant diseases and pathogens and assess the damage caused within a crop production region. These programs have traditionally used observed or predicted disease and pathogen data and environmental information to prescribe management practices that minimize crop loss (3,69). Monitoring programs are especially important for crops with broad geographic distribution or for diseases that can cause rapid and great economic losses. Successful monitoring programs have been developed for several plant diseases, including downy mildew of cucurbits, Fusarium head blight of wheat, potato late blight, and rusts of cereal crops (13,36,51,80)
    corecore