Compensatory processes in the development of the retarded child

Neste artigo, originalmente apresentado por Vigotski em um congresso em 1931 e posteriormente convertido em texto escrito a partir de anotações taquigráficas, destaca-se a importância dada pelo autor aos riscos de que pesquisas e programas educacionais dirigidos à criança com deficiência focalizem processos biológicos e disfunções primordiais em detrimento de funções psicológicas superiores. Seu argumento principal é o de que processos compensatórios e caminhos indiretos podem promover o desenvolvimento. Tais processos e caminhos relacionam-se com a inserção das crianças em diversos ambientes culturais e são suscetíveis à ação pedagógica. Destaca-se ainda o fato de que, para Vigotski, os objetivos e tarefas da educação especial devem corresponder àqueles da escola regular, isto é, preparar a criança para enfrentar as diversas demandas da vida em sociedade.This article was originally presented by Vygotsky in a Conference in 1931 and later turned into a written text with basis on tachygraphic notes. The author focuses on the risks of research and educational programs addressed to children with special needs to focus on biological processes and basic dysfunctions, instead of working with higher psychological functions. His main argument is that compensatory processes and indirect paths may promote development. Such processes and paths are related to the inclusion of children in diversified cultural environments and are susceptible to educational action. For Vygotsky, goals and tasks of special education should be similar to the ones of regular school, that is, to prepare children to face different demands of social life

Towards an optimal therapy strategy for myogenous TMD, physiotherapy compared with occlusal splint therapy in an RCT with therapy-and-patient-specific treatment durations

Appendix. Threshold of signs and symptoms. Post-hoc power analysis on measures of effectiveness. Two-way ANOVA statistical analysis for pain intensity. Rules for progressing and ending splint therapy. Rules for progressing and ending physiotherapy. A stepped-care model including two possible therapies. (PDF 86 kb

What Do We Know About Neuropsychological Aspects Of Schizophrenia?

Application of a neuropsychological perspective to the study of schizophrenia has established a number of important facts about this disorder. Some of the key findings from the existing literature are that, while neurocognitive impairment is present in most, if not all, persons with schizophrenia, there is both substantial interpatient heterogeneity and remarkable within-patient stability of cognitive function over the long-term course of the illness. Such findings have contributed to the firm establishment of neurobiologic models of schizophrenia, and thereby help to reduce the social stigma that was sometimes associated with purely psychogenic models popular during parts of the 20th century. Neuropsychological studies in recent decades have established the primacy of cognitive functions over psychopathologic symptoms as determinants of functional capacity and independence in everyday functioning. Although the cognitive benefits of both conventional and even second generation antipsychotic medications appear marginal at best, recognition of the primacy of cognitive deficits as determinants of functional disability in schizophrenia has catalyzed recent efforts to develop targeted treatments for the cognitive deficits of this disorder. Despite these accomplishments, however, some issues remain to be resolved. Efforts to firmly establish the specific neurocognitive/neuropathologic systems responsible for schizophrenia remain elusive, as do efforts to definitively demonstrate the specific cognitive deficits underlying specific forms of functional impairment. Further progress may be fostered by recent initiatives to integrate neuropsychological studies with experimental neuroscience, perhaps leading to measures of deficits in cognitive processes more clearly associated with specific, identifiable brain systems