Fifty Years on: A Retrospective on the World's First Problem-based Learning Programme at McMaster University Medical School

There are many false ideas and a prioris about the history of problem-based learning in medical education, stemming from a dearth of historical studies of PBL. This study was conducted at McMaster University Faculty of Health Sciences and offers rigorous historical account of the first problem-based programme and lessons to be drawn from it. Archival data, oral history data from interviews with key participants to the history of McMaster and contemporary publications were triangulated using an inductive and hermeneutic method of historical analysis to produce the historical narrative in this paper. The key findings of this study are (1) PBL was founded by five disgruntled doctors in a time of global change; (2) McMaster did not pioneer the integrated systems approach, but it made it an integral part of problem-based learning; (3) The early PBL curriculum was fluid and variable (4) McMaster offered a loose educational structure dominated by small group learning; (5) The distinctive feature of problem-based learning, compared with all other progressive education methods, was the use of realistic problems at the start of the learning process; (6) Lectures and other top-down modes of knowledge transfer were conclusively not welcome at McMaster (7) Summative assessment was absent from the first problem-based learning programme

The Harvard Connection:: How the Case Method Spawned Problem-Based Learning at McMaster University

This paper proposes a historical analysis of the connection and differences between the Harvard case method in medical education and business education and the original problem-based learning method of McMaster University as it was developed in the late 1960s. The article focuses on the pedagogy of Harvard Medical School in 1900, Harvard Business School in 1920 and McMaster University in 1969, giving an account of how the respective approaches of these institutions became entangled yet divergent. Using data from archive materials and oral history accounts, a history of the pedagogical connection between Harvard and McMaster is drawn focusing on the use of cases versus problems. The paper concludes by arguing that specific innovations in PBL compared with the case method justify considering them as separate educational methods rather than more of the same