Peruvian Foreign Policy and the Fourth Industrial Revolution

El cambio es una característica definitoria de nuestro tiempo. El mundo actual vive una Cuarta Revolución Industrial caracterizada por la ola simultánea de innovaciones tecnológicas en diferentes áreas que desdibujan los límites entre los mundos físico, digital y biológico. La velocidad de evolución de las tecnologías emergentes y sus repercusiones en un mundo cada vez más globalizado no tienen precedentes históricos, creando un universo de posibilidades nunca antes experimentado. Si bien los cambios producidos por esta revolución pueden ser beneficiosos, también pueden crear múltiples riesgos y amenazas tanto en el escenario internacional como en el ámbito interno de los países. En ese marco, el presente trabajo pretende determinar cómo un país como el Perú puede enfrentar el nuevo escenario disruptivo configurado por la Cuarta Revolución Industrial e incorporarse a él con éxito. Esta investigación argumenta que si el Perú no quiere quedarse atrás del resto del mundo en el nuevo reordenamiento global que está provocando esta revolución, tiene que adoptar un enfoque holístico donde la gestión estratégica de su política exterior es crucial.Change is a defining feature of our time. Today’s world is experiencing a Fourth Industrial Revolution characterized by the simultaneous wave of technological innovations in different areas that blur the boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds. The speed of evolution of the emerging technologies and their repercussions on an increasingly globalized world have no historical precedent, creating a universe of possibilities never experienced before. Although the shifts produced by this revolution can be beneficial, they can also create multiple risks and threats both on the international stage and within countries’ internal spheres. In this framework, this paper aims to determine how a country like Peru can face the new disruptive scenario shaped by the Fourth Industrial Revolution and join it successfully. This research argues that if Peru does not want to lag behind the rest of the world in the new global rearrangement that this revolution is prompting, it has to adopt a holistic approach where the strategic management of its foreign policy is crucial.Estados Unidos. American Universit

PROCEDENCIA DEL HÁBEAS CORPUS ANTE LA VULNERACIÓN DEL PRINCIPIO DE IMPUTACIÓN NECESARIA, EN LAS SENTENCIAS DEL TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL PERUANO DEL 2005-2014

HÁBEAS CORPUS FINES CARACTERÍSTICAS DERECHOS TUTELADOS TIPOS DE HABEAS CORPUS PROCEDIMIENTO DEL HÁBEAS CORPUS RELACIONES ENTRE LA JURISDICCIÓN CONSTITUCIONAL Y LA JURISDICCIÓN ORDINARIA EL PRINCIPIO DE IMPUTACIÓN NECESARIA HÁBEAS CORPUS ANTE LA VULNERACIÓN DEL PRINCIPIO DE IMPUTACIÓN NECESARI

La acción concertada internacional como herramienta para la eficacia de la lucha contra la corrupción: análisis de las iniciativas internacionales multilaterales anticorrupción de las que el Perú es parte

La corrupción es un fenómeno cuyas consecuencias no se constriñen a un ámbito en particular, sea este social, económico, político, u otro; sino que genera diversos efectos, que en un escenario internacional globalizado y marcado por la interdependencia, se multiplican y diversifican, redundando más allá de la esfera estrictamente doméstica de cada Estado, lo que supone la necesidad de que toda estrategia de lucha contra dicho fenómeno, implique articular una respuesta integral que incluya el concierto internacional. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo de investigación realiza un análisis de las iniciativas internacionales multilaterales anticorrupción de las que el Perú es parte, a fin de ofrecer una referencia tangible del compromiso peruano y de la comunidad internacional en este ámbito; análisis en mérito del cual es factible detectar las principales preocupaciones e intereses implicados en esta lucha, materializados en los aportes hasta ahora generados, y concluir a partir de ello, la necesidad de profundizar los compromisos asumidos y de adoptar un enfoque de lucha renovado, encaminado a la erradicación de las causas de la corrupción y la mitigación de sus posibles efectos. Argumentos que aplicados al caso peruano, son propicios para la formulación de posibles lineamientos de Política Exterior que favorezcan una participación peruana activa y continua en el escenario internacional vinculado a la lucha contra este flagelo, a fin de concertar acciones que debidamente articuladas a los esfuerzos del fuero doméstico, procuren la efectividad de la lucha anticorrupción desplegada por el país.Tesi

I simposio Internacional sobre Investigación en la enseñanza de las ciencias

Edición 202

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children : an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). However, there is a lack of data available about SSI in children worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of SSI in children and associations between SSI and morbidity across human development settings. Methods A multicentre, international, prospective, validated cohort study of children aged under 16 years undergoing clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty gastrointestinal surgery. Any hospital in the world providing paediatric surgery was eligible to contribute data between January and July 2016. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI by 30 days. Relationships between explanatory variables and SSI were examined using multilevel logistic regression. Countries were stratified into high development, middle development and low development groups using the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Results Of 1159 children across 181 hospitals in 51 countries, 523 (45 center dot 1%) children were from high HDI, 397 (34 center dot 2%) from middle HDI and 239 (20 center dot 6%) from low HDI countries. The 30-day SSI rate was 6.3% (33/523) in high HDI, 12 center dot 8% (51/397) in middle HDI and 24 center dot 7% (59/239) in low HDI countries. SSI was associated with higher incidence of 30-day mortality, intervention, organ-space infection and other HAIs, with the highest rates seen in low HDI countries. Median length of stay in patients who had an SSI was longer (7.0 days), compared with 3.0 days in patients who did not have an SSI. Use of laparoscopy was associated with significantly lower SSI rates, even after accounting for HDI. Conclusion The odds of SSI in children is nearly four times greater in low HDI compared with high HDI countries. Policies to reduce SSI should be prioritised as part of the wider global agenda.Peer reviewe

ENGIU: Encuentro Nacional de Grupos de Investigación de UNIMINUTO.

El desarrollo del prototipo para el sistema de detección de Mina Antipersona (MAP), inicia desde el semillero ADSSOF perteneciente al programa de Administración en Seguridad y Salud en el trabajo de la UNIMINUTO, se realiza a partir de un detector de metales que emite una señal audible, que el usuario puede interpretar como aviso de presencia de un objeto metálico, en este caso una MAP. La señal audible se interpreta como un dato, como ese dato no es perceptible a 5 metros de distancia, se implementa el transmisor de Frecuencia Modulada FM por la facilidad de modulación y la escogencia de frecuencia de transmisión de acuerdo con las normas y resolución del Ministerio de Comunicaciones; de manera que esta sea la plataforma base para enviar los datos obtenidos a una frecuencia establecida. La idea es que el ser humano no explore zonas peligrosas y buscar la forma de crear un sistema que permita eliminar ese riesgo, por otro lado, buscar la facilidad de uso de elementos ya disponibles en el mercado

Use of Telemedicine for Post-discharge Assessment of the Surgical Wound: International Cohort Study, and Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

Objective: This study aimed to determine whether remote wound reviews using telemedicine can be safely upscaled, and if standardised assessment tools are needed. Summary background data: Surgical site infection is the most common complication of surgery worldwide, and frequently occurs after hospital discharge. Evidence to support implementation of telemedicine during postoperative recovery will be an essential component of pandemic recovery. Methods: The primary outcome of this study was surgical site infection reported up to 30-days after surgery (SSI), comparing rates reported using telemedicine (telephone and/or video assessment) to those with in-person review. The first part of this study analysed primary data from an international cohort study of adult patients undergoing abdominal surgery who were discharged from hospital before 30-days after surgery. The second part combined this data with the results of a systematic review to perform a meta-analysis of all available data conducted in accordance with PRIMSA guidelines (PROSPERO:192596). Results: The cohort study included 15,358 patients from 66 countries (8069 high, 4448 middle, 1744 low income). Of these, 6907 (45.0%) were followed up using telemedicine. The SSI rate reported using telemedicine was slightly lower than with in-person follow-up (13.4% vs. 11.1%, P<0.001), which persisted after risk adjustment in a mixed-effects model (adjusted odds ratio: 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.63-0.84, P<0.001). This association was consistent across sensitivity and subgroup analyses, including a propensity-score matched model. In nine eligible non-randomised studies identified, a pooled mean of 64% of patients underwent telemedicine follow-up. Upon meta-analysis, the SSI rate reported was lower with telemedicine (odds ratio: 0.67, 0.47-0.94) than in-person (reference) follow-up (I2=0.45, P=0.12), although there a high risk of bias in included studies. Conclusions: Use of telemedicine to assess the surgical wound post-discharge is feasible, but risks underreporting of SSI. Standardised tools for remote assessment of SSI must be evaluated and adopted as telemedicine is upscaled globally

Exploring the cost-effectiveness of high versus low perioperative fraction of inspired oxygen in the prevention of surgical site infections among abdominal surgery patients in three low- and middle-income countries

Background: This study assessed the potential cost-effectiveness of high (80–100%) vs low (21–35%) fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) at preventing surgical site infections (SSIs) after abdominal surgery in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Methods: Decision-analytic models were constructed using best available evidence sourced from unbundled data of an ongoing pilot trial assessing the effectiveness of high FiO2, published literature, and a cost survey in Nigeria, India, and South Africa. Effectiveness was measured as percentage of SSIs at 30 days after surgery, a healthcare perspective was adopted, and costs were reported in US dollars ($). Results: High FiO2 may be cost-effective (cheaper and effective). In Nigeria, the average cost for high FiO2 was$216 compared with $222 for low FiO2 leading to a −$6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −$13 to −$1) difference in costs. In India, the average cost for high FiO2 was $184 compared with$195 for low FiO2 leading to a −$11 (95$15 to −$6) difference in costs. In South Africa, the average cost for high FiO2 was$1164 compared with $1257 for low FiO2 leading to a −$93 (95% CI: −$132 to −$65) difference in costs. The high FiO2 arm had few SSIs, 7.33% compared with 8.38% for low FiO2, leading to a −1.05 (95% CI: −1.14 to −0.90) percentage point reduction in SSIs. Conclusion: High FiO2 could be cost-effective at preventing SSIs in the three countries but further data from large clinical trials are required to confirm this