Nepali Women in Politics: Success and Challenges

This paper is based on an extensive three-year research project employing qualitative methods. In this paper we will discuss women\u27s struggle for equality in Nepal, their current successes in the political process, and remaining underlying challenges. The aim of this paper is to share with a wider audience that establishing equality and equity is hard but not impossible if and when constant efforts are made in a concerted way by bringing all likeminded people (men and women, politicians and parliamentarians), together. Nepal has been undergoing tremendous socio-political transformations over the past two decades, from civil war to negotiated peace, unitary to federal and monarchical government, and ultimately to the current republican political system, where the role of women is eminent. Historically, despite unfavourable circumstances, Nepali women have established themselves as key actors of socio-political changes. Under the leadership of Yogmaya Neupane (1860-1941), Nepali women began their struggle during the Rana Regime and advanced since the 1950s, by engaging both in popular peaceful political movements to armed insurgency and parliamentary competition with their male political counterparts. As a result, the new constitution of Nepal in 2015, ensured 33 % of seats, guaranteed to the parliaments and all other government positions as well as provision of male-female alternate seat provisions in the highest positions such as President and Vice President, Chief and Deputy Chief of Parliament (in both upper and lower houses), Mayor and Deputy Mayor where two of one must be female. Further, it has ensured inclusive provisions in all state structures. As a result, from the national and local elections of 2017-18, women have come to occupy 41.8% of political positions across the country. One of the key factors to ensure higher and meaningful participation of women in politics were these favourable electoral provisions. We found that despite numerous challenges that women face in political and electoral processes, they have demonstrated success in achieving higher participation in political positions. However, what has been achieved so far is not enough and continued concerted action among all actors is essential

Institutional architecture of municipal waste management in Nepal

This paper focuses on the issues that are pre-dominant in the institutional architecture of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Kathmandu. The paper also gives a brief history of solid waste management (SWM) in Kathmandu. It provides an overview of the generation and disposal methods of wastes and the challenges associated in the management of solid waste especially in the purview of two major crises of 2015, the earthquake and the Indian blockade

Waste chains and loops in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

The objective of this paper is to describe the current diverse and complex waste chains and loops in the Kathmandu Valley with a focus on three sites: (1) the generation, collection, and recycling of waste in the municipality of Kirtipur, where the private sector is also actively engaged; (2) the sorting and recycling at the transfer station in Teku (Ward no. 12 of Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC)); and (3) the final disposal and scavenging at the landfill site in Sisdol. These descriptions refer to the involved materials, processes, and actors with the aim to identify the main challenges and opportunities in the waste chain. The paper also examines the influence of the waste crisis triggered by the earthquake and Indian blockade in 2015