Experimental Analysis of Friction Stir Welding of Dissimilar Alloys AA6061 and Mg AZ31 Using Circular Butt Joint Geometry

AbstractThe Aluminium alloy 6061 and Magnesium alloy AZ31 plates of 6mm thickness are welded in circular butt joint geometry by friction stir welding (FSW) process, using CNC vertical milling machine. Process parameters such as welding speed and tool rotational speed play an important role to obtain a better weld joint for dissimilar metals/materials. The friction stir welding tool is one of the critical components to the success of this process. It consists of a cylindrical shoulder and a pin with different geometry. In the experimental work, the said tool has been designed with cylindrical pin having four different geometries for friction stir welding of the dissimilar circular metal plates. Friction stir welding has been carried out at welding speed varying from 10 to 40mm/min and tool rotational speed from 800 to 2000rpm. Effects of process parameters on butt welded circular joint were investigated for weld strength. In this research work, it is found that welded joint between dissimilar metals alloys Al 6061 and Mg AZ31 can be formed using friction stir welding by selecting proper tool pin profile and welding parameters. It is suggested that friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and Magnesium alloy with circular butt joint geometry would be useful in the future for automobile applications by getting the benefits from each material in a functional way

Surface Wear Studies in Some Materials Using α-induced Reactions

The radio-activity produced during the irradiation of 63,65Cu, 59Co, 93Nb and 121,123Sb targets with α-particles have been measured using activation technique. he yields of radioactive isotopic products 66,67,68 Ga, 61 Cu, 96g,mTc and 123,124,126I have been determined in the energy range ≈ 10-40 MeV using stacked foil Technique. Radioactive counting of samples was performed with a high-resolution gamma-spectrometer. As light ion beams produce an extremely narrow layer of activities in the surface of a material, these reactions may be useful for thin layer activation study

In search of a theory of supercooled liquids

Despite the absence of consensus on a theory of the transition from supercooled liquids to glasses, the experimental observations suggest that a detail-independent theory should exist.Comment: Commentary. 3 pages 2 figure

Оценка заболеваний органов грудной клетки с помощью биопсии под контролем компьютерной томографии

Computed tomography (CT) guided percutaneous procedures like the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) are reliable techniques for diagnosing various thoracic diseases. These modalities are used for diagnosis in suspicious lung, pleural, mediastinal and vertebral and pulmonary lesions.The aim. We conducted a study in a Pulmonary Medicine Department of tertiary care hospital to study the efficacy and safety of CT guided FNCA/FNAB in thoracic diseases.Methods. A retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care center with Information and Ethics committee permission within a total duration of two years. The study included patients presenting with following: 1) mediastinal mass lesions, 2) pulmonary solitary pulmonary nodules/masses, 3) pulmonary cavity, cyst and consolidation of undiagnosed etiology, 4) pleural mass, nodules, loculated collections, 5) extra-pulmonary and spinal tuberculosis suspects with pre/paravertebral abscess. Procedure details, radiological images and pathological and microbiological reports were retrieved from case record book of patients available in department.Results. Study population consisted of 108 patients. Neoplastic diseases were 85 (78.70%) and Non- neoplastic diseases 23 (21.29%). In neoplastic diseases 78.82% patients had lung Cancer of which 85.07% non small cell carcinoma and 14.92% small cell lung cancer. Out of non small cell lung cancer adenocarcinoma of lung was the commonest. The most common non neoplastic diseases was tuberculosis. CT guided biopsy procedure was performed without any complications in 61.11%. The most common complication was pneumothorax (27.77%). The yield of CT guided biopsy was 98.14%.Conclusion. Percutaneous CT-guided lung biopsy is an effective, highly accurate, and safe method of obtaining tissue for the diagnosis of indeterminate pulmonary lesions especially in neoplastic diseases and tuberculosis.Чрескожные процедуры под контролем компьютерной томографии (КТ), такие как тонкоигольная аспирационная цитология (fine needle aspiration cytology – FNAC) и тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия (fine needle aspiration biopsy – FNAB), являются надежными методами диагностики различных заболеваний органов грудной клетки. Эти методы используются для диагностики поражений легких, плевры, средостения, позвоночника и легких.Целью исследования, проведенного в отделении пульмонологии больницы третичного уровня, явилось определение эффективности и безопасности FNCA / FNAB под контролем КТ при заболеваниях органов грудной клетки.Материалы и методы. Ретроспективное исследование проводилось в течение 2 лет в центре третичной медицинской помощи с разрешения Комитета по информации и этике. В исследование были включены следующие пациенты: 1) с новообразованиями средостения; 2) с легочными солитарными узлами / новообразованиями; 3) с полостями, кистами и консолидацией в легких невыясненной этиологии; 4) с плевральными новообразованиями, узелками, осумкованными скоплениями; 5) с плевральными массами, узелками, осумкованными скоплениями, подозрением на внелегочный туберкулез и туберкулез позвоночника с пре-, паравертебральным абсцессом. Данные о проведенной процедуре, рентгеновские снимки, патологоанатомические и микробиологические отчеты были получены из историй болезни, имеющихся в отделении.Результаты. Выборку составили 108 пациентов. Опухолевые заболевания выявлены у 85 (78,70 %), неопухолевые – у 23 (21,29 %) пациентов. У 78,82 % пациентов с опухолевыми заболеваниями выявлен рак легкого, у 85,07 % из них – немелкоклеточный, у 14,92 % – мелкоклеточный рак легкого. У больных с немелкоклеточным раком легкого наиболее часто встречалась аденокарцинома легкого. Наиболее частым неопухолевым заболеванием являлся туберкулез. Биопсия под контролем КТ выполнена без каких-либо осложнений в 61,11 % случаев. Наиболее частым осложнением (27,77 %) был пневмоторакс. Биопсия под контролем КТ позволила установить диагноз в 98,14 % случаев.Заключение. Чрескожная биопсия легкого под контролем КТ является эффективным, высокоточным и безопасным методом получения ткани для диагностики неопределенных поражений легких, особенно при опухолевых заболеваниях и туберкулезе

Experimental Investigations of Alpha Particle Irradiation of Natural Nickel

Attempts have been made to measure the activity in irradiated natural Ni material induced by α-particles in the energy range 10-40 MeV followed by stack foil activation technique. Activity induced has been determined through the cross-sections obtained from various reactions for 58Ni(α, p)61Cu, 58Ni(α,  pn)60Cu, 60Ni(α, p2n)61Cu, 60Ni(α, n)63Zn, 60Ni(α, 2n)62Zn,61Ni(α, 3n)62Zn and 61Ni(α, 2n)63Zn in α+natNi interaction at different beam energies has been found to vary from 10-26 microns

Experimental Investigations of Alpha Particle Irradiation of Natural Nickel

386-390Attempts have been made to measure the activity in irradiated natural Ni material induced by α-particles in the energy range 10-40 MeV followed by stack foil activation technique. Activity induced has been determined through the cross-sections obtained from various reactions for 58Ni(α, p)61Cu, 58Ni(α,  pn)60Cu, 60Ni(α, p2n)61Cu, 60Ni(α, n)63Zn, 60Ni(α, 2n)62Zn,61Ni (α, 3n)62Zn and 61Ni(α, 2n)63Zn in α+natNi interaction at different beam energies has been found to vary from 10-26 microns

A study of fungal corneal ulcer

Background: Fungal keratitis is an inflammation of the cornea caused by fungi. This infection is difficult to treat and it can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness. It is worldwide in distribution, but is more common in the tropics and subtropical regions. Corneal ulcers are the second most-common cause of preventable blindness after cataract in tropical developing countries. Material & Methods: A retrospective study included 30 cases of fungal corneal ulcer was carried out on indoor and outdoor cases of fungal corneal ulcer, in Department of ophthalmology, in technical collaboration with department of microbiology in tertiary care teaching hospital. A presumptive diagnosis was based on clinical features and history, diagnosis was confirmed by KOH preparation and culture. Results: The maximum incidence of ulcers was seen in age group of 41-60 years and majority of them were males. Most common predisposing factor was trauma. Most common clinical feature was slough followed by hypopyon, perforation, lowered intraocular tension, satellite lesions and vascularization respectively. Conclusion: The diagnosis of fungal keratitis is usually difficult. The clinical suspicion by ophthalmologist is unequivocally, key element in making diagnosis of fungal infection of cornea. A wide range of conventional and molecular techniques are currently available for laboratory diagnosis of fungal keratitis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to avoid blindness

To evaluate the profile of patients with disc edema/ papilledema and their presenting pattern

Background: Raised intracranial pressure (ICP) is a potentially life threatening condition, which can also lead to visual loss and blindness. One of the only objective signs accessible during physical examination to confirm a suspicion of raised ICP is papilledema, or swelling of the optic nerve head (ONH). Material & Methods: The present study is a non randomized prospective case series being conducted in the 50 patients with disc edema/papilledema attending OPD and referred from other departments to DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, Gandhi Medical College and associated Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal from January 2013- December 2014. All patients underwent a complete medical evaluation including careful history taking, ophthalmic examination, complete blood count, blood sugar,urea,creatinine, serum lipid profile, thyroid, chest x-ray in specific cases. and CSF analysis (including opening pressure), follow up examination was compared with fundal photography. Results: In our study out of 50 patients, Most commonly affected age group was between 21-30 years in which 32% cases were observed, 42% affected were males and 58% females. Papilledema in 30% patient were of local cause in which 22% cases were of optic neuropathy followed by 6% cases of AION in age group of 51-60 year followed by 2% cases of BRAO in age group of 41-40 years. Among systemic causes, 24% cases of ICSOL followed by 12% cases of meningitis, 10% cases of malignant hypertension, 8% cases of drug history, 6% cases of malaria and 2% case each of diabetes, pseudotumorcerebri, anaemia, encephalopathy and head injury. Conclusion: ophthalmic evaluation and subjective grading of papilledema by FUNDAL examination has the potential of being a low cost objectively and quantitatively, and assess progression and efficacy of treatment directed toward lowering ICP and thus improve clinical decision-making regarding its diagnosis and treatment papilledema

Study of radiological findings in papilledema

Background: Early recognition of papilledema and elevated ICP is of paramount importance for ensuring restoration of vision. Papilledema, frequently occurs in the setting of increased ICP and in a variety of medical conditions, including pseudotumorcerebri, sinus thrombosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, frontal lobe neoplasms, and Chiari malformation.the primary role of imaging in the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) has been to exclude other conditions that can cause increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and papilledema. Material & Methods: The present study is a non randomized prospective case series being conducted in the 50 patients with disc edema/papilledema attending OPD and referred from other departments to DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, Gandhi Medical College and associated Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal from January 2013- December 2014, All patients underwent a complete medical evaluation including careful history taking, ophthalmic examination, Investigations includes MRI Scan was done in Radiology as well neurology reference was taken from Neurosurgery department, Hamidia Hospital, G.M.C. Bhopal. Result: In radiological study ICSOL is observed in 70.58% cases followed by 11.76% cases of sinusitis followed by 5.88% case each venous thrombosis,demyelination and infarction. Conclusion: Early recognition of papilledema and elevated ICP is of paramount importance for ensuring restoration of vision. Newer advanced MR imaging techniques such as fMRI and DTI may prove useful in the future to assess the potential effects of papilledema on retinal and visual pathway integrity

Neuroimaging in Cycloserine Induced Neurotoxicity: A Rare Case Report

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease. There is an increasing burden of Drug Resistant TB (DR-TB) which is not only difficult to treat and associated with adverse events during its treatment. Cycloserine is a broad spectrum antibiotic used as a second-line agent for DR-TB therapy. Psychiatric adverse drug reactions are well known. Neurotoxicity with the use of supplemental pyridoxine is rarely reported. We report a case of young boy who developed tilting of body to one side during therapy for DR-TB which included cycloserine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain showed reversible bilateral symmetrical (T2/FLAIR) hyperintensity in dentate nuclei. Clinical and MRI findings were consistent with cycloserine toxicity. Symptoms resolved on withdrawing the drug. MRI findings showed marked reversibility