Partial correlation between bioactive or immunoreactive leptin levels controlled for sex, age, BMI SDS, pubertal stage, and HbA1c and selected insulin secretion or resistance indices.

<p>Partial correlation between bioactive or immunoreactive leptin levels controlled for sex, age, BMI SDS, pubertal stage, and HbA1c and selected insulin secretion or resistance indices.</p

Multiple regression analyses for insulin secretion and resistance indices and bioactive and immunoreactive leptin levels.

<p>Multiple regression analyses for insulin secretion and resistance indices and bioactive and immunoreactive leptin levels.</p

Phenotype characterization of 70 early-onset severely obese children and adolescents selected for the leptin measurements.

<p>Phenotype characterization of 70 early-onset severely obese children and adolescents selected for the leptin measurements.</p

Correlation between bioactive and immunoreactive leptin levels with selected indices of insulin secretion and insulin resistance.

<p>A—fasting serum insulin (logINS₀); B–HOMA-IR; C–QUICKI; D–free fatty acids insulin sensitivity index (ISI-FFA); E–C-peptide and fasting glucose ratio (CP₀/GLU₀); F– 120-minute values of insulin during a 75g oral glucose-tolerance test (INS₁₂₀); G–peak insulin levels during a 75g oral glucose-tolerance test (INS_MAX); H–oral disposition index (oDI); I–ratio of areas under the curve for insulin and glucose levels during a 75g oral glucose-tolerance test (AUC_INS/AUC_GLU); J–whole body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI Matsuda). Empty black icons symbolize bioactive leptin, and empty grey icons immunoreactive leptin levels, respectively. In the figure log values of all variables were used.</p

Distribution of bioactive and immunoreactive leptin levels.

<p>A–the range of bioactive and immunoreactive leptin for individual patients is shown as indicated (lower part). Ratio between both forms ranged around 100% with few patients lower than 90% (upper part). B–Non-linear regression between bioactive and immunoreactive leptin serum levels with soluble leptin receptor (sobR).</p

Epigenome–wide Meta–Analysis Reveals Associations between Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load and DNA methylation in Children and Adolescents with Different Body Size

Objective: Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are associated with cardio–metabolic health in children and adolescents, with potential distinct effects in people with increased body mass index (BMI). DNA methylation (DNAm) may mediate these effects. Thus, we conducted meta–analyses of epigenome–wide association studies (EWASs) between dietary GI and GL and blood DNAm of children and adolescents.Research Design and Methods: We calculated dietary GI and GL and performed EWASs in children and adolescents (age range: 4.5–17 years) from six cohorts (ntotal = 1,187). We performed stratified analyses of participants with normal–weight (ntotal = 801) or overweight/obesity (ntotal = 386). We performed look–ups for the identified cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) sites (false discovery rate (FDR) Results: Dietary GL was positively associated with DNAm of cg20274553 (FDR Conclusions: We identified 537 associations between dietary GI and GL and blood DNAm, mainly in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. High GI and/or GL diets may influence epigenetic gene regulation and thereby, promote metabolic derangements in young persons with increased BMI.</p