Deletion of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in Cartilage Results in Up-Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3α Protein Expression

The rate of endochondral bone growth determines final height in humans and is tightly controlled. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a negative regulator of several signaling pathways that govern bone growth, such as insulin/IGF and Wnt/β-catenin. The two GSK-3 proteins, GSK-3 and GSK-3β, display both overlapping and distinct roles in different tissues. Here we show that pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 signaling in a mouse tibia organ culture system results in enhanced bone growth, accompanied by increased proliferation of growth plate chondrocytes and faster turnover of hypertrophic cartilage to bone. GSK-3 inhibition rescues some, but not all, effects of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase inhibition in this system, in agreement with the antagonistic role of these two kinases in response to signals such as IGF. However, cartilage-specific deletion of the Gsk3b gene in mice has minimal effects on skeletal growth or development. Molecular analyses demonstrated that compensatory up-regulation of GSK-3 protein levels in cartilage is the likely cause for this lack of effect. To our knowledge, this is the first tissue in which such a compensatory mechanism is described. Thus, our study provides important new insights into both skeletal development and the biology of GSK-3 proteins. (Endocrinology 152: 1755–1766, 2011

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is increased in osteoarthritis and regulates chondrocyte catabolic and anabolic activities

We determined if the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand HB-EGF is produced in cartilage and if it regulates chondrocyte anabolic or catabolic activity