Rheumatic conditions in human immunodeficiency virus infection

Many rheumatic diseases have been observed in HIV-infected persons. We, therefore, conducted a comprehensive literature search in order to review the prevalence, presentation and pathogenesis of rheumatic manifestations in HIV-infected subjects. Articular conditions (arthralgia, arthritis and SpAs) are either caused by the HIV infection itself, triggered by adaptive changes in the immune system, or secondary to microbial infections. Muscular symptoms may result from rhabdomyolysis, myositis or from side-effects of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Osseous complications include osteonecrosis, osteoporosis and osteomyelitis. Some conditions such as the diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome and sarcoidosis affect multiple organ systems. SLE may be observed but may be difficult to differentiate from HIV infection. Some anti-retroviral agents can precipitate hyperuricaemia and are associated with arthralgia. When indicated, immunosuppressants and even anti-TNF-α agents can be used in the carefully monitored HIV patient. Thus, rheumatic diseases and asymptomatic immune phenomena remain prevalent in HIV-infected persons even after the widespread implementation of highly active anti-retroviral therap

The night-sky at the Calar Alto Observatory

We present a characterization of the main properties of the night-sky at the Calar Alto observatory for the time period between 2004 and 2007. We use optical spectrophotometric data, photometric calibrated images taken in moonless observing periods, together with the observing conditions regularly monitored at the observatory, such as atmospheric extinction and seeing. We derive, for the first time, the typical moonless night-sky optical spectrum for the observatory. The spectrum shows a strong contamination by different pollution lines, in particular from Mercury lines, which contribution to the sky-brightness in the different bands is of the order of ~0.09 mag, ~0.16 mag and ~0.10 mag in B, V and R respectively. The zenith-corrected values of the moonless night-sky surface brightness are 22.39, 22.86, 22.01, 21.36 and 19.25 mag arcsec^-2 in U, B, V, R and I, which indicates that Calar Alto is a particularly dark site for optical observations up to the I-band. The fraction of astronomical useful nights at the observatory is ~70%, with a ~30% of photometric nights. The typical extinction at the observatory is k_V~0.15 mag in the Winter season, with little dispersion. In summer the extinction has a wider range of values, although it does not reach the extreme peaks observed at other sites. The median seeing for the last two years (2005-6) was ~0.90", being smaller in the Summer (~0.87") than in the Winter (~0.96"). We conclude in general that after 26 years of operations Calar Alto is still a good astronomical site, being a natural candidate for future large aperture optical telescopes.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publishing in the Publications of Astronomical Society of the Pacific (PASP

The Rising Light Curves of Type Ia Supernovae

We present an analysis of the early, rising light curves of 18 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) and the La Silla-QUEST variability survey (LSQ). We fit these early data flux using a simple power-law $(f(t) = {\alpha\times t^n})$ to determine the time of first light $({t_0})$, and hence the rise-time $({t_{rise}})$ from first light to peak luminosity, and the exponent of the power-law rise ($n$). We find a mean uncorrected rise time of $18.98 {\pm} 0.54$ days, with individual SN rise-times ranging from $15.98$ to $24.7$ days. The exponent n shows significant departures from the simple 'fireball model' of $n = 2$ (or ${f(t) \propto t^2}$) usually assumed in the literature. With a mean value of $n = 2.44 {\pm} 0.13$, our data also show significant diversity from event to event. This deviation has implications for the distribution of 56Ni throughout the SN ejecta, with a higher index suggesting a lesser degree of 56Ni mixing. The range of n found also confirms that the 56Ni distribution is not standard throughout the population of SNe Ia, in agreement with earlier work measuring such abundances through spectral modelling. We also show that the duration of the very early light curve, before the luminosity has reached half of its maximal value, does not correlate with the light curve shape or stretch used to standardise SNe Ia in cosmological applications. This has implications for the cosmological fitting of SN Ia light curves.Comment: 19 pages, 19 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Balancing efficiencies by squeezing in realistic eight-port homodyne detection

We address measurements of covariant phase observables (CPOs) by means of realistic eight-port homodyne detectors. We do not assume equal quantum efficiencies for the four photodetectors and investigate the conditions under which the measurement of a CPO may be achieved. We show that balancing the efficiencies using an additional beam splitter allows us to achieve a CPO at the price of reducing the overall effective efficiency, and prove that it is never a smearing of the ideal CPO achievable with unit quantum efficiency. An alternative strategy based on employing a squeezed vacuum as a parameter field is also suggested, which allows one to increase the overall efficiency in comparison to the passive case using only a moderate amount of squeezing. Both methods are suitable for implementantion with current technology.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, revised versio

Gauge Theoretic Invariants of, Dehn Surgeries on Knots

New methods for computing a variety of gauge theoretic invariants for homology 3-spheres are developed. These invariants include the Chern-Simons invariants, the spectral flow of the odd signature operator, and the rho invariants of irreducible SU(2) representations. These quantities are calculated for flat SU(2) connections on homology 3-spheres obtained by 1/k Dehn surgery on (2,q) torus knots. The methods are then applied to compute the SU(3) gauge theoretic Casson invariant (introduced in [H U Boden and C M Herald, The SU(3) Casson invariant for integral homology 3--spheres, J. Diff. Geom. 50 (1998) 147-206]) for Dehn surgeries on (2,q) torus knots for q=3,5,7 and 9.Comment: Version 3: minor corrections from version 2. Published by Geometry and Topology at http://www.maths.warwick.ac.uk/gt/GTVol5/paper6.abs.htm

Sequential coronagraphic low-order wavefront control

Coronagraphs are highly sensitive to wavefront errors, with performance degrading rapidly in the presence of low-order aberrations. Correcting these aberrations at the coronagraphic focal plane is key to optimal performance. We present two new methods based on the sequential phase diversity approach of the "Fast and Furious" algorithm that can correct low-order aberrations through a coronagraph. The first, called "2 Fast 2 Furious," is an extension of Fast and Furious to all coronagraphs with even symmetry. The second, "Tokyo Drift," uses a deep learning approach and works with general coronagraphic systems, including those with complex phase masks. Both algorithms have 100% science uptime and require effectively no diversity frames or additional hardware beyond the deformable mirror and science camera, making them suitable for many high contrast imaging systems. We present theory, simulations, and preliminary lab results demonstrating their performance.Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures, AO4ELT7 conference proceeding

MOST Detects g-Modes in the Late-Type be Star beta CMi (B8Ve)

The Microvariability and Oscillations of stars (MOST) satellite has detected low-amplitude light variations ($\Delta m\sim$1 mmag) in the Be star $\beta$ CMi (B8Ve). The observations lasted 41 days and the variations have typical periods $\sim 0.3$ days. We demonstrate that the dominant frequencies are consistent with prograde high-order g-modes of $m=-1$ excited by the Fe-bump of opacity in an intermediate-mass ($\approx 3.5 M_\odot$) star with a nearly critical rotation period of 0.38 days. This is the first detection of nonradial g-mode pulsations in a Be star later than B6 leading to the possibility that pulsations are excited in all classical Be stars.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures; Astrophysical Journal part 1 in pres

The Distances to Open Clusters from Main-Sequence Fitting. IV. Galactic Cepheids, the LMC, and the Local Distance Scale

We derive the basic properties of seven Galactic open clusters containing Cepheids and construct their period-luminosity (P-L) relations. For our cluster main-sequence fitting we extend previous Hyades-based empirical color-temperature corrections to hotter stars using the Pleiades as a template. We use BVI_{C}JHK_{s} data to test the reddening law, and include metallicity effects to perform a more comprehensive study for our clusters than prior efforts. The ratio of total to selective extinction R_V that we derive is consistent with expectations. Assuming the LMC P-L slopes, we find = -3.93 +/- 0.07 (statistical) +/- 0.14 (systematic) for 10-day period Cepheids, which is generally fainter than those in previous studies. Our results are consistent with recent HST and Hipparcos parallax studies when using the Wesenheit magnitudes W(VI). Uncertainties in reddening and metallicity are the major remaining sources of error in the V-band P-L relation, but a higher precision could be obtained with deeper optical and near-infrared cluster photometry. We derive distances to NGC4258, the LMC, and M33 of (m - M)_0 = 29.28 +/- 0.10, 18.34 +/- 0.06, and 24.55 +/- 0.28, respectively, with an additional systematic error of 0.16 mag in the P-L relations. The distance to NGC4258 is in good agreement with the geometric distance derived from water masers [\Delta (m - M)_0 = 0.01 +/- 0.24]; our value for M33 is less consistent with the distance from an eclipsing binary [\Delta (m - M)_0 = 0.37 +/- 0.34]; our LMC distance is moderately shorter than the adopted distance in the HST Key Project, which formally implies an increase in the Hubble constant of 7% +/- 8%.Comment: 28 pages, 21 figures; accepted for publication in the Ap