368 research outputs found
Country paper of Myanmar
The paper presents the coastal resources management initiatives in Myanmar. Moreover, policies on the management of fisheries, coastal resources and coastal environment are also discussed
The role of agricultural co-operatives in Burma
Burma is a country with a long history of rural co-operatives and
with new trends in the co-operative movement. The trend has recently
been to move from lower to higher stages of cooperation - from credit
provision to marketing, and from marketing to farming activities. The
latest development is in the field of co-operative farming which
involves joint efforts in cultivation of land leading to pooling of
cultivation rights and to group farming.
The major aim of this study is to see how agricultural
co-operatives have contributed to rural development in Burma, to
examine the causes of failure and success of the agricultural
co-operative movement in the past, to review the present status of the
movement, and to highlight ways and means that will encourage success
in the future.
The co-operative movement was started in Burma in 1905, under
British rule, to free the small cultivator from dependence on private
money-lenders. Much was expected of the movement, but it was a failure
and this seriously damaged the image of co-operatives.
After Burma regained its independence the Five Year Co-operative
Plan was announced and agricultural co-operatives were formed to
service its members with finance, to supply consumer goods and
agricultural inputs, to sell produce and to promote thrift. Serious
difficulties, including reliance on government loans, inefficiency
compared to private traders and inadequate leadership, meant that most
society did not serve their members well.
When the Revolutionary Council came to power, bogus societies were
liquidated and efforts were made to form new socialist co-operatives as
a mode of socialist ownership of means of production. The co-operative
was regarded as the only socially-acceptable form of socializing
small-scale producers, but most of the peasants were unwilling to pool
their land. The Ministry of Co-operatives adopted the Pilot Project for Co-operative Fanning which emphasised establishing co-operative
farms on cultivable waste land. The Pilot Project aimed to attract
farmers through demonstration of the benefits of co-operative farming.
Most co-operative farms, however, appear to have failed to take full
advantage of their large scale and have experienced management
disadvantages. The majority of land remains under individual private
ownership and management and the small-holders are still economically
dominant.
Co-operative farming is still in its infancy and has not taken
firm root. Only state initiative and local leadership can give
momentum to the movement. It has to rely on good management and new
technology to achieve higher productivity and output in order to
attract more farmers
Status of fisheries in Union of Myanmar
Presented in the paper is the status of fisheries in the Union of Myanmar for the period 1996-1997. Discussed are the fishery production, and trade of the country, including its fishery policies
Wall effects on pressure fluctuations in turbulent channel flow
The purpose of the present paper is to study the influence of wall-echo on
pressure fluctuations , and on statistical correlations containing ,
{\em viz} redistribution , pressure diffusion , and
velocity/pressure-gradient . We extend the usual analysis of
turbulent correlations containing pressure fluctuations in wall-bounded
\tsc{dns} computations [Kim J.: {\em J. Fluid Mech.} {\bf 205} (1989)
421--451], separating not only into rapid and slow
parts [Chou P.Y.: {\em Quart. Appl. Math.} {\bf 3} (1945)
38--54], but further into volume ( and
) and surface (wall-echo;
and ) terms. An algorithm, based on a Green's function
approach, is developed to compute the above splittings for various correlations
containing pressure fluctuations (redistribution, pressure diffusion,
velocity/pressure-gradient), in fully developed turbulent plane channel flow.
This exact analysis confirms previous results based on a method-of-images
approximation [Manceau R., Wang M., Laurence D.: {\em J. Fluid Mech.} {\bf 438}
(2001) 307--338] showing that, at the wall, and
are usually of the same sign and approximately equal. The above
results are then used to study the contribution of each mechanism on the
pressure correlations in low Reynolds-number plane channel flow, and to discuss
standard second-moment-closure modelling practices
QCD chiral Lagrangian on the lattice, strong coupling expansion and Ward identities with Wilson fermions
We discuss a general strategy to compute the coefficients of the QCD chiral
Lagrangian using lattice QCD with Wilson fermions. This procedure requires the
introduction of a lattice chiral Lagrangian as an intermediate step in the
calculation. The QCD chiral Lagrangian is then obtained by expanding the
lattice effective theory in increasing powers of the lattice spacing and the
external momenta. In order to investigate the consequences of the chiral
symmetry breaking induced by the Wilson term, we study the lattice chiral
Lagrangian at the leading order of the strong coupling and large expansion.
We show that the effects of the Wilson term can be conveniently taken into
account, in the lattice effective theory, by a suitable renormalization
procedure. In particular, we show that, at the leading order of the strong
coupling and large N expansion, the chiral symmetry is exactly recovered on the
lattice provided that the bare quark mass and the lattice operators are
properly renormalized.Comment: 45 pages, no figures. Latex fil
Light-Front Quantisation as an Initial-Boundary Value Problem
In the light front quantisation scheme initial conditions are usually
provided on a single lightlike hyperplane. This, however, is insufficient to
yield a unique solution of the field equations. We investigate under which
additional conditions the problem of solving the field equations becomes well
posed. The consequences for quantisation are studied within a Hamiltonian
formulation by using the method of Faddeev and Jackiw for dealing with
first-order Lagrangians. For the prototype field theory of massive scalar
fields in 1+1 dimensions, we find that initial conditions for fixed light cone
time {\sl and} boundary conditions in the spatial variable are sufficient to
yield a consistent commutator algebra. Data on a second lightlike hyperplane
are not necessary. Hamiltonian and Euler-Lagrange equations of motion become
equivalent; the description of the dynamics remains canonical and simple. In
this way we justify the approach of discretised light cone quantisation.Comment: 26 pages (including figure), tex, figure in latex, TPR 93-
Resonance saturation for four-nucleon operators
In the modern description of nuclear forces based on chiral effective field
theory, four-nucleon operators with unknown coupling constants appear. These
couplings can be fixed by a fit to the low partial waves of neutron-proton
scattering. We show that the so determined numerical values can be understood
on the basis of phenomenological one-boson-exchange models. We also extract
these values from various modern high accuracy nucleon-nucleon potentials and
demonstrate their consistency and remarkable agreement with the values in the
chiral effective field theory approach. This paves the way for estimating the
low-energy constants of operators with more nucleon fields and/or external
probes.Comment: 16 pp, REVTeX, 3 figure
Older cancer patients during the COVID-19 epidemic: Practice proposal of the international geriatric radiotherapy group
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic is unprecedented as it reached all countries in the world within a record short period of time. Even though COVID-19 infection may be just severe in any adults, older adults (65-year-old or older) may experience a higher mortality rate. Among those affected, cancer patients may have a worse outcome compared to the general population because of their depressed immune status. As the health resources of most countries are limited, clinicians may face painful decisions about which patients to save if they require artificial ventilation. Cancer patients, especially the older ones, may be denied supportive care because of their shorter life expectancy. Thus, special considerations should be taken to prevent infection of older cancer patients and to provide them with adequate social support during their cancer treatment. The following proposal was reached: (1) Education of health care providers about the special needs of older cancer patients and their risks of infection. (2) Special consideration such as surgical masks and separate scheduling should be made to protect them from being infected. (3) Social services such as patient navigators should be provided to ensure adequate medical supply, food, and daily transportation to cancer centers. (4) Close monitoring through phone calls, telecommunication to ensure social distancing and psychological support from patient family to prevent anxiety and depression. (5) Shorter course of radiotherapy by use of hypofractionation where possible to decrease the needs for daily transportation and exposure to infection. (6) Enrollment of older cancer patients in clinical trials for potential antiviral medications if infection does occur. (7) Home health care telemedicine may be an effective strategy for older cancer patients with COVID-19 infection to avoid hospital admission when health care resources become restricted. (8) For selected patients, immunotherapy and targeted therapy may become the systemic therapy of choice for older cancer patients and need to be tested in clinical trials
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