SURFACE MODIFICATION OF METAL PRODUCTS BY ELECTROLYTE PLASMA

The monograph presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of non-stationary processes of modification of metal surfaces by electric current, by switching it with a liquid-electrolyte electrode. This process is called plasma electrolyte treatment (PET). On the basis of the research carried out, complex hardening technologies and equipment have been created. Technologies allow oxidizing, alloying and changing the structure of local areas of the surface of products, which greatly increases their physical and mechanical properties without changing the structural state of the entire product. The complex of developed technologies multiplies: strength, wear resistance, fatigue strength of products under cyclic loads under conditions of friction and wear. Along with theoretical material, the monograph provides extensive information on the application and efficiency of the developed technologies in industry. The monograph is intended for engineering and technical workers of machine-building enterprises and institutes that specialize in the field of hardening processing of products

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PLASMA-DETONATION TECHNOLOGY OF SURFACE HARDENING METAL PRODUCTS

The book contains data on development of the technologies based on the use of non-stationary electric discharges in plasma jets. Formation of a plasma jet takes place under the effect of non-stationary detonation waves propagating between electrode units. In this case the energy parameters of the plasma can be controlled by a fuel mixture composition, electric potential and geometric characteristics of a device. As a result of interaction with plasma, the treated surface is subjected to pulsed electromagnetic, thermal and elastic-deformation influence. The results of studies of modified layers subjected to pulse plasma treatment are presented. The book describes technologies and equipment that are commercially applied for modification of working surfaces of machine parts and tools. Examples of application of the technologies in metallurgy, mining industry, wood working, machine building and other industrial sectors are given. For engineering and technical workers of machine-building enterprises and institutions specializing in the field of hardening processing of products

Energy calibration and resolution of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter in pp collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 7 TeV

The energy calibration and resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector have been determined using proton-proton collision data from LHC operation in 2010 and 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s)=7 TeV with integrated luminosities of about 5 inverse femtobarns. Crucial aspects of detector operation, such as the environmental stability, alignment, and synchronization, are presented. The in-situ calibration procedures are discussed in detail and include the maintenance of the calibration in the challenging radiation environment inside the CMS detector. The energy resolution for electrons from Z-boson decays is better than 2% in the central region of the ECAL barrel (for pseudorapidity abs(eta)<0.8) and is 2-5% elsewhere. The derived energy resolution for photons from 125 GeV Higgs boson decays varies across the barrel from 1.1% to 2.6% and from 2.2% to 5% in the entraps. The calibration of the absolute energy is determined from Z to e+e- decays to a precision of 0.4% in the barrel and 0.8% in the endcaps