Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: A Case Study

Purpose: To present an illustrative case study of a patient with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and to increase awareness of this condition among nurse practitioners (NPs). Data sources: A literature search was conducted, and deidentified patient information forms the basis of this presentation. The authors\u27 experience and appropriate images enhance the presentation of the case study. Conclusions: SIH is a condition that typically occurs without a traumatic event, although it can be associated with minor trauma. It occurs when cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks through a focal weakness in the dural sac or meningeal diverticula, resulting in CSF hypovolemia. Patients usually present with an orthostatic headache. The most common brain magnetic resonance imaging findings are diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement, descent of the cerebellar tonsils, and subdural fluid collections. Treatment options range from management of symptoms to surgical repair of the leak. Implications for practice: As NPs continue to provide care in a variety of settings, including emergency departments and urgent care areas, they must be familiar with the progression of symptoms that might indicate SIH and be prepared to make appropriate referrals to prevent iatrogenic morbidity. © 2012 The Author(s) Journal compilation © 2012 American Academy of Nurse Practitioners

Primary histiocytic sarcoma of the brain mimicking cerebral abscess.

Histiocytic sarcoma is a rare malignancy with only 10 reports confirmed primarily involving the CNS. The diagnosis is dependent on the finding of malignant cells with histiocytic morphology and immunophenotype. The authors report a case of pathologically proven HS of the CNS. A 16-year-old boy presented with headaches, emesis, and altered sensorium. Noncontrast head CT scanning demonstrated a left parietal mass consistent with a tumor. Surgery was undertaken. Intraoperative findings revealed green-yellow exudates consistent with an abscess. Cultures were obtained and broad-spectrum antibiotics were started. The patient subsequently underwent multiple surgical procedures, including drainage and debulking of abscesses and hemicraniectomy. Two months after initial presentation, the patient\u27s diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma was confirmed. Pathological examination demonstrated necrotizing inflammation with preponderant neutrophil infiltration, variably atypical mononuclear and multinucleate histiocytes, and numerous mitoses. Additional immunohistochemistry studies confirmed immunoreactivity for CD68, CD45, CD45RO, and CD15 and were negative for CD3, CD20, melanoma cocktail, CD30, CD1a, CD34, HMB-45, and melan-A. Once the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma was confirmed, antibiotics were stopped and radiation therapy was undertaken. Despite treatment, the patient\u27s neurological status continued to decline and the patient died 126 days after initial presentation. This case represents a rare confirmed example of CNS histiocytic sarcoma. A profound inflammatory infiltrate seen on pathology and green exudates seen intraoperatively make the condition difficult to distinguish from an abscess. Immunohistochemistry showing a histiocytic origin and negative for myeloid, dendritic, or other lymphoid markers is essential for the diagnosis. Further research is needed to establish consensus on treatment