The flow field downstream of a hydraulic jump

A control-volume analysis of a hydraulic jump is used to obtain the mean vorticity downstream of the jump as a function of the Froude number. To do this it is necessary to include the conservation of angular momentum. The mean vorticity increases from zero as the cube of Froude number minus one, and, in dimensionless form, approaches a constant at large Froude number. Digital particle imaging velocimetry was applied to travelling hydraulic jumps giving centre-plane velocity field images at a frequency of 15 Hz over a Froude number range of 2–6. The mean vorticity determined from these images confirms the control-volume prediction to within the accuracy of the experiment. The flow field measurements show that a strong shear layer is formed at the toe of the wave, and extends almost horizontally downstream, separating from the free surface at the toe. Various vorticity generation mechanisms are discussed

Foam patches behind spilling breakers

Previous theoretical and laboratory studies of spilling breakers on a beach are described and discussed, paying particular attention to models that emphasize the importance of air bubbles in the spill. At first such a spill forms at a sharp crest, and accelerates down the front of the wave as it propagates towards the shore. Then the crest becomes more rounded and this allows part of the aerated water to flow backwards over or under the crest, leaving a foam patch behind. Laboratory experiments in channels of constant width have documented many features of these flows. But recent new observations on gently sloping beaches have revealed another three-dimensional phenomenon, which is not possible in laboratory channels, and which has rarely been described or properly explained. Initially the spill forms nearly simultaneously over a wide front and extends down the forward face of the wave. Then at some point on the spill some of the foam flows over the crest and is left behind in a continuous patch of increasing length. At the same time the rounded portion of the crest propagates sideways in both directions, as the shear flow at its edge entrains fluid from the sharp crests on either side. This leads to a patch that is triangular in shape, with a peak directly behind the initial instability and of zero length where the backward flow has just begun. This idea has been quantitatively tested using selected photos taken from a headland above a beach, rectified to produce plan views. The patches are indeed triangular, sometimes distorted by a shear flow parallel to the wave crest but with a narrow range of peak angles, and on this beach which has a very uniform slope there is no systematic dependence on other parameters such as the wave height at breaking or the bathymetry conditions

A review of strength and conditioning internships: the UKSCA’s State of the Nation survey

Internships within the strength and conditioning (S&C) industry have become a ‘right of passage’ for any junior or student coach wanting to gain employment. They have recently been described as ‘the new degree’, implying that formal education is no longer sufficient enough to gain employment on its own. Given the importance of practical skills required to successfully deliver S&C coaching, there is an expectation that applicants for professional jobs possess an appropriate level of experience. The UKSCA decided to conduct a survey of S&C interns in order to discover just exactly what kind of experiences they receive during their internships. The results are presented and discussed below

Recovery and Reintegration of Children From the Effects of Sexual Exploitation and Related Trafficking

Examines ways to maximize the effectiveness of holistic, multi-sectoral strategies and programs to assist the recovery and reintegration of sexually exploited and trafficked children. Outlines challenges, such as lack of coordination and specialized care

Scotland’s international export performance : some recent evidence

This paper outlines the latest data and evidence on Scotland’s export performance and highlights key changes over the past decade. Exporting, for the purposes of this paper, is defined as sales to overseas markets. Scotland’s international exports have changed significantly over the past 10 years. The overall nominal value of international sales has grown since 2005 but the number of exporting businesses has declined, with the result that Scotland’s exports are increasingly reliant on the performance of fewer firms. The sectoral composition of Scottish exports has also changed significantly: in manufacturing, the main change has been from electronics to food & drink and chemicals. Additionally, the overall contribution of Services exports, such as financial and business services, has been important. Developed economies, particularly the EU and US, are Scotland’s largest export markets with emerging economies beginning to comprise a larger proportion of Scottish exports, albeit from a low base. A key factor in raising Scottish exports from current levels will be to increase the number of exporting businesses. Evidence suggests only a very small number of non-exporting businesses (3%) plan to start exporting. However, for example, if Scotland had an export rate similar to that of the UK there would be an additional 2,500 exporting businesses

Identifying readiness to train: when to push and when to pull

Monitoring training load – and in particular an athlete’s ability to cope with it – is now common practice; often the data is used to define an athlete’s ‘readiness’ to train. The aim of this monitoring is to identify when athletes should be rested, when they can train as per normal, and when they can have their training load ramped up. Crudely put, this monitoring provides a ‘push or pull’ diagnosis to each athlete’s training day. In this context, push defines an increase in training load, whereas pull refers to a reduction in training load. Although the idea of implementing this is generally well accepted, the statistical approach to identifying the point of push or pull seems unstandardised and – anecdotally – varies from club to club. Therefore, presenting methods to analyse the data in this regard will be the aim of this paper. The reader can then apply justifiable and sensitive methods of data analysis to their morning measures of fatigue, such that the subsequent training session can be appropriately altered

The Glasgow outcome at discharge scale: an inpatient assessment of disability after brain injury

This study assesses the validity and reliability of the Glasgow Outcome at Discharge Scale (GODS), which is a tool that is designed to assess disability after brain injury in an inpatient setting. It is derived from the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E), which assesses disability in the community after brain injury. Inter-rater reliability on the GODS is high (quadratic-weighted kappa 0.982; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.968, 0.996) as is concurrent validity with the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) (Spearman correlation −0.728; 95% CI −0.819, −0.601). The GODS is significantly associated with physical and fatigue subscales of the short form (SF)-36 in hospital. In terms of predictive validity the GODS is highly associated with the GOS-E after discharge (Spearman correlation 0.512; 95% CI 0.281, 0.687), with the DRS, and with physical, fatigue, and social subscales of the SF-36. The GODS is recommended as an assessment tool for disability after brain injury pre-discharge and can be used in conjunction with the GOS-E to monitor disability between hospital and the community

Metafictive devices in children’s picturebooks and the development of children’s critical multimodal literacies

High-quality children’s literature, including picturebooks, are important resources in the classroom for students to engage with complex and sometimes concerning contemporary issues. One strategy to involve students in learning about such issues is through the use of metafictive devices, which are literary stratagems that draw readers into knowing more about a topic and helping them understand and interpret them safely. In this paper, we analyse three selected texts that contain important and deliberate metafictive devices used by award-winning authors/illustrators. First, we share brief synopses of each book and then provide detailed analyses of the literary tools used by the authors, including how they support students’ meaning-making practices through language and image. Then we consider how these works were used in a primary school classroom to improve children’s critical multimodal literacies so that they became more discerning readers who could effectively cope and engage with complex and troubling world issues through literature

How is Planned Public Investment to Enable CCS Likely to Impact the Wider UK Economy?

The UK has made a binding commitment to reach net zero emissions by 2050 and Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is seen as a key component of getting there. In the March 2020 spring budget statement the UK Government committed a minimum spending of £800million to promote the development of CCS and help address the concerns regarding the cost of CCS. Here we find that a Government investment of £1.75billion in critical CO2 transport and storage infrastructure over a 6 year period can be an effective stimulus to the economy while importantly laying the foundations for reducing emissions from key industries over the coming decades. Ultimately, the cumulative 30-year GDP boost associated with the investment equates to around £0.2million of cumulative GDP per £million spent in a time frame up to 2026. Importantly given current COVID -19 related circumstances, the investment can lead to the almost immediate creation of thousands jobs in a number of sectors. Over a 6 year period the job creation associated with the expansion leads to an additional 3,850 full-time equivalent (FTE) jobs in the first year, between 2,250 and 2,670 additional FTE jobs in each of the subsequent 4 years, and 1,700 in 2026. The societal return is the transitory creation of one additional job per £1million spend in the 6 year time frame. As is common with any large public investment, consideration should be given to the subsequent effects on prices and exports which may be constrained as a result. Beyond our analysis, a key question remains how a large-scale operational CCS sector can constitute a fiscally and economically sustainable return to public and private sector investments. Could CCS provide a sustained financial contribution by helping to sustain industrial activity, maintain employment, minimises potential losses in productivity, and prevent offshoring of industries, emissions and jobs while crucially allowing key industries to reduce their emissions in line with targets set out in UK law

Re-thinking housing inspection and regulation: using 360 technology as a new approach in environmental health practice training

Front-line professions such as environmental health require practitioners to demonstrate competence in practice-based skills typically gained only through on-the-job experience. However, practice opportunities have been more scarce, owing mainly to austerity but also to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, so necessitating novel approaches to teaching and learning. 360 technology has recently emerged as a possible solution, but its potential for use in an environmental health setting, such as housing inspection and regulation, is virtually unknown. This study involved the use of a 360-degree camera to record a simulated walkthrough and mock inspection of a two-storey house. These ‘photospheres’ were demonstrated to under- and postgraduate students, who were then surveyed online to explore their attitudes towards the use of this technology as a training method. Analysis of the questionnaire responses revealed four self-reported themes: experience of housing regulation and enforcement practice and training; experiences of 360 technology in housing inspection practice and enforcement; attitudes towards using 360 technology versus traditional photograph and filming methods for experiential learning, training and practice purposes; and attitudes towards the application of 360 technology for experiential learning and training purposes in housing inspection enforcement and regulation. The results indicated that students found this a helpful and flexible tool, particularly valuing its immersive nature, both for initial training and continuing professional development (CPD) in housing inspections and interventions. It has wider applicability to other frontline professional practices and requires further development to help shape new forms of training