Sambandet i tallungskog mellan skötselmetod och älgbetesskador

Moose cause major problems in our young pine forest stands. This study is trying to investigate the casual reactions of damages to stands and to individual trees caused by moose. The study is based on data from 16 objects in Vemhåns Moose Management Area. The results show that stands that were commercially thinned had lesser damages than stands that were not commercially thinned. The results also show that the most frequent damages to individual trees are caused by top browsing.Älgen är ett hjortdjur som orsakar stora betesskador på våra tallungskogar. På vintern när födotillgången begränsas blir skadorna som allra störst. Toppskottsbete, stambrott och barkgnag är de älgbetesskador som förekommer och som orsakar stora ekonomiska förluster för skogsägare till följd av att stockarna får sämre virkeskvalitéer, såväl ytligt som invändigt. Vid en älgbetesskada går trädet in i en läkningsprocess för att reparera och övervinna skadan som har uppstått. Detta kan ge olika följdeffekter på trädet i form av stamkrök, lyra, sprötkvist eller dubbelstam. Följden blir att stocken klassas ner till en sämre kvalitetsklass som ger sämre betalt. Arbetsmetoden för detta arbete grundar sig på en älgbetesinventering där man inom varje provyta räknar fram en procentsats av betestrycket på tallstammarna som har en höjd av en till fyra meter. Totalt har 16 objekt med tallungskog, etablerade och skötta på lite olika sätt, inventerats och jämförts. De utvalda objekten ligger samtliga i Vemhåns ÄSO. Resultatet visar att de naturligt föryngrade bestånden som var röjda var minst drabbade av älgbetesskador. I dessa bestånd låg skadenivån på 49 procent. Mest drabbat av älgbetesskador var bestånd som hade föryngrats naturligt och som dessutom var oröjda. Skadenivån i dessa bestånd låg på hela 75 procent. Skadefrekvensen i de planterade bestånden som var röjda låg på 67 procent och i de planterade oröjda bestånden på 59 procent. Hypotesprövningar har gjorts som visar att betestrycket i det aktuella området är signifikant högre för de bestånd som är etablerade genom naturlig föryngring. Likaså gäller det för bestånd i studien som är oröjda, att betestrycket generellt ligger högre i dessa bestånd. När de gäller de olika älgbetesskadorna så var toppskottsbete den mest förekommande skadan. 81 procent av alla älgbetade tallstammar var toppskottsbetade. 16 procent hade stambrott och barkgnag stod för enbart tre procent av de skadade tallstammarna. Någon säker slutsats om vad som orsakar älgens val av betesplats går inte att dra. I det undersökta området i denna studie så är betestrycket större i dels bestånd som är naturligt föryngrade och dels i bestånd som är oröjda. betestryck

Site fertility and land location as factors of the price impact for clear cut forest land in the region Bohus-Dal

The purpose of this study is to find out how two variables affect the value of forest land by doing a linear regression analysis. The two variables that are studied are the site fertility of forest land and the distance between the forest land and a major city. It also studies what price buyers of forest estates have been willing to pay for the clear cut forest land. The survey is based upon selling statistics of 29 forest estates that had been sold between 2016 and 2017. The data was made available by LRF Konsult and concern their area of business Bohus-Dal in the southwestern Sweden. The conclusion from these tests is that the price for clear cut forest land varies a lot. The distance between the forest land and a major city can explain almost 72 percent of the price. The site fertility of forest land can only explain about 9 percent of the price. There are many other variables that also affect the price of forest land

Immediate newborn care practices delay thermoregulation and breastfeeding initiation

Aim: A deadly nosocomial outbreak in a Philippine hospital drew nationwide attention to neonatal sepsis. Together with specific infection control measures, interventions that protect newborns against infection-related mortality include drying, skin-to-skin contact, delayed cord clamping, breastfeeding initiation and delayed bathing. This evaluation characterized hospital care in the first hours of life with the intent to drive policy change, strategic planning and hospital reform. Methods: Trained physicians observed 481 consecutive deliveries in 51 hospitals using a standardized tool to record practices and timing of immediate newborn care procedures. Results: Drying, weighing, eye care and vitamin K injections were performed in more than 90% of newborns. Only 9.6% were allowed skin-to-skin contact. Interventions were inappropriately sequenced, e. g. immediate cord clamping (median 12 sec), delayed drying (96.5%) and early bathing (90.0%). While 68.2% were put to the breast, they were separated two minutes later. Unnecessary suctioning was performed in 94.9%. Doctors trained in neonatal resuscitation were 2.5 (1.1-5.7) times more likely to unnecessarily suction vigorous newborns. Two per cent died and 5.7% developed sepsis/pneumonia. Conclusions: This minute-by-minute observational assessment revealed that performance and timing of immediate newborn care interventions are below WHO standards and deprive newborns of basic protections against infection and death

Quantitative study of the effects of long-term denervation on the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat

Background In order to understand the cellular basis underlying the progressively poorer restorative capacity of long-term denervated muscle, we determined the effects of long-term denervation on the muscle fibers and satellite cell population of the rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle. Methods In 36 male rats, the right hind legs were denervated, and EDL muscles were removed 2, 4, 7, 12, and 18 months later. Muscles were either fixed for electron microscopic analysis or were dissociated into individual muscle fibers for direct fiber counting or for confocal microscopic analysis. Results The percentage of satellite cells rose from the 2.8% control value to 9.1% at 2 months of denervation; thereafter the percentage decreased to 1.1% at 18 months of denervation. The number of myonuclei per muscle fiber steadily declined from 410 in 4 month control muscle to 158 in 7 month denervated muscle. Up to 7 months of denervation, the total number of muscle fibers per muscle remained relatively constant at somewhat over 5,000. The calculated total satellite cell population in 4 month denervated EDL muscle was the same as that of controls at 65,000, but by 7 months of denervation it had declined to 21,000. With increasing time of denervation, the number of cross-sectional profiles of muscle fibers not containing nuclei rose from 14% in control muscle to 49% in 12 month denervated muscle. This was correlated with a pronounced regular clumping of the nuclei, with pronounced nonnucleated segments between nuclear clumps. Conclusions Increasing times of denervation are accompanied by a pronounced decline in the number of myonuclei per muscle fiber and an initial rise and subsequent fall in satellite cell number. These changes are correlated with a decreasing restorative ability of these muscles over the same periods of denervation. Further work on the proliferative capacity of the remaining satellite cells is necessary before firm quantitative conclusions can be made. Anat. Rec. 248:346-354 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/34280/1/7_ftp.pd

The Dalton quantum chemistry program system

Dalton is a powerful general\u2010purpose program system for the study of molecular electronic structure at the Hartree\u2013Fock, Kohn\u2013Sham, multiconfigurational self\u2010consistent\u2010field, M\uf8ller\u2013Plesset, configuration\u2010interaction, and coupled\u2010cluster levels of theory. Apart from the total energy, a wide variety of molecular properties may be calculated using these electronic\u2010structure models. Molecular gradients and Hessians are available for geometry optimizations, molecular dynamics, and vibrational studies, whereas magnetic resonance and optical activity can be studied in a gauge\u2010origin\u2010invariant manner. Frequency\u2010dependent molecular properties can be calculated using linear, quadratic, and cubic response theory. A large number of singlet and triplet perturbation operators are available for the study of one\u2010, two\u2010, and three\u2010photon processes. Environmental effects may be included using various dielectric\u2010medium and quantum\u2010mechanics/molecular\u2010mechanics models. Large molecules may be studied using linear\u2010scaling and massively parallel algorithms. Dalton is distributed at no cost from http://www.daltonprogram.org for a number of UNIX platform