Risk factors for chronic pelvic pain: hospital‐based case–control study from Turkey

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a complicated condition that can have a large impact on life. The aetiology of CPP is often unclear and the origin appears to be multifactorial. This study aims to identify risk factors associated with CPP complaint in women. The study is a descriptive case–control study in nature. The study was conducted in one university and one state hospital. Women with CPP (n=134) composed the case group while those who consulted to the polyclinics with other problems formed the control group (n=383). The data were collected through a questionnaire which was prepared in light of the related literature and the ‘Pelvic Pain Assessment Form’ developed by the International Pelvic Pain Society. Women in the case and control groups were found to have similar socio-demographical features. This study has detected that CPP is associated with factors such as having a relative with recurrent pelvic pain complaint, having cancer or CPP history, having pain during menstruation, feeling of fullness in the abdominal region and stool consistency, recurrent urinary tract infections, having a diagnosed woman’s disease (ovarian cyst, genital tract infection, prolapsus and menstrual irregularity), having had an abdominal operation, taking vaginal showers after sexual intercourse or for any other reason, falling down from height or having an accident that caused back damage, experiencing a sad event during childhood, being exposed to physical violence or forced to sexual intercourse. In Conclusion, this study has found that reproduction, urinary, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal systems and psychological factors affect women with chronic pelvic pain

Coping strategies of women having chronic pelvic pain

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a very common health problem among women. Women's quality of life significantly decreases because they are affected by the nervousness and negativity caused by pain in their daily activities. The purpose of this study is to find out the features of pain experienced by women with CPP and identify the coping mechanisms used by them. This descriptive study was conducted in one state hospital and one university hospital. The participants are volunteer women who have had pain complaint in their pelvis/lower abdomen or genital area for 6months and/or more (n=134). Average age of the participants is 34.02 +/- 10.58; 28.6% of them (n=38) have had pain for more than 2years. Of all the participants, 42.9% described their pain as stabbing. The women were found to use pain killers (85.7%), sleep (46.6%), rest (46.6%), have a hot bath (34.6%) and massage (28.6%) with a view to reduce pain. The coping strategies used by the participants were identified as trying to think something else (27.8%), praying that the pain will not last long (38.3%), distracting attention by dealing with something else (32.3%), trying to feel better by ignoring pain (17.3%) and trying to heal pain by talking to themselves (16.5%). Women with CPP use both medical and spiritual methods with a view to cope with pain. It was found that use of pain killers increased with the increase in level of pain

Evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AGTR2) gene and interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene for their contribution to the risk of preeclampsia in Turkish population

Amaç: Preeklampsi, tüm gebeliklerin yaklaşık %6-10' unda görülen ve gebe kadınlara özgü ciddi bir hastalıktır. İmmün ve genetik faktörlerin de katkıda bulunduğu kompleks bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada amacımız, AGTR2A1675G ve IL4 -590 (C>T) polimorfizmleri ve preeklampsi arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını incelemekti. Gereç ve Yöntem: Yüz otuzbir preeklampsili ve 86 normal gebe kadından alınan periferik kandan, genomic DNA izole edildi. AGTR2 ve IL-4 polimorfizmleri polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu kullanılarak genotiplendirildi. Bulgular: AGTR2 geni 1675 polimorfizminin genotip frekansı açısından önemli bir fark bulunamadı fakat allel frekansları açısından önemli bir fark bulunmuştur. IL-4 geni -590 polimorfizmi genotip ve allel frekansları açısından önemli bir fark bulunamamıştır. Sonuç: AGTR2, GG genotipi ve IL-4, TT genotipi preeklampsili kadınlarda normal gebe kadınlara oranla önemli derecede yüksek bulundu. Bu genotipe sahip olma, preeklampsi meydana gelmesi açısından bir risk faktörü olabilir ancak bu bulgular daha fazla örnekte test edilmeye ihtiyaç duymaktadır.Purpose: Preeclampsia, specific to human pregnancies, is a serious disorder, which occurs approximately in 6-10% of all pregnancies. It is a complex disorder, in which immune and genetic factors also take part. The aim of the current study was toinvestigate whether there is an association between AGTR2 A1675G and IL4 -590 (C>T) polymorphisms and preeclampsia. Material and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood of 131 preeclamptic and 86 normotensive pregnant women. The AGTR2 and IL-4 polymorphisms were genotyped by using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: As for AGTR2 gene 1675 polymorphism, there was not any significant difference in terms of genotype frequencies but there was a significant difference in terms of allele frequencies. As for IL-4 gene -590 polymorphism, there was not any significant difference in terms of genotype and allele frequencies. Conclusions: AGTR2, GG genotype and IL-4, TT genotype were found significantly higher in preeclamptic women than normotensive pregnant women.These genotypes might be a susceptibility risk factor for preeclampsia but these findings need to be tested in a larger sample size

Anjiyotensin II tip 2 reseptör geni (AGTR2) ve interlökin 4 (IL-4) genindeki tek nükleotid polimorfizmlerinin preeklampsi riskine katkılarının Türk populasyonunda incelenmesi

Purpose: Preeclampsia, specific to human pregnancies, is a serious disorder, which occurs approximately in 6-10% of all pregnancies. It is a complex disorder, in which immune and genetic factors also take part. The aim of the current study was toinvestigate whether there is an association between AGTR2 A1675G and IL4 -590 (C>T) polymorphisms and preeclampsia. Material and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral venous blood of 131 preeclamptic and 86 normotensive pregnant women. The AGTR2 and IL-4 polymorphisms were genotyped by using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: As for AGTR2 gene 1675 polymorphism, there was not any significant difference in terms of genotype frequencies but there was a significant difference in terms of allele frequencies. As for IL-4 gene -590 polymorphism, there was not any significant difference in terms of genotype and allele frequencies. Conclusions: AGTR2, GG genotype and IL-4, TT genotype were found significantly higher in preeclamptic women than normotensive pregnant women.These genotypes might be a susceptibility risk factor for preeclampsia but these findings need to be tested in a larger sample size.Amaç: Preeklampsi, tüm gebeliklerin yaklaşık %6-10’ unda görülen ve gebe kadınlara özgü ciddi bir hastalıktır. İmmün ve genetik faktörlerin de katkıda bulunduğu kompleks bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmada amacımız, AGTR2A1675G ve IL4 -590 (C>T) polimorfizmleri ve preeklampsi arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını incelemekti. Gereç ve Yöntem: Yüz otuzbir preeklampsili ve 86 normal gebe kadından alınan periferik kandan, genomic DNA izole edildi. AGTR2 ve IL-4 polimorfizmleri polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu kullanılarak genotiplendirildi. Bulgular: AGTR2 geni 1675 polimorfizminin genotip frekansı açısından önemli bir fark bulunamadı fakat allel frekansları açısından önemli bir fark bulunmuştur. IL-4 geni -590 polimorfizmi genotip ve allel frekansları açısından önemli bir fark bulunamamıştır. Sonuç: AGTR2, GG genotipi ve IL-4, TT genotipi preeklampsili kadınlarda normal gebe kadınlara oranla önemli derecede yüksek bulundu. Bu genotipe sahip olma, preeklampsi meydana gelmesi açısından bir risk faktörü olabilir ancak bu bulgular daha fazla örnekte test edilmeye ihtiyaç duymaktadır