Unfolding intermediate of a multidomain protein, calmodulin, in urea as revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering

AbstractThe denaturation of calmodulin (CaM) induced by urea has been studied by small-angle X-ray scattering, which is a direct way to evaluate the shape changes in a protein molecule. In the absence of Ca2+, the radii of gyration (Rg) of CaM are 20.8±0.3 Å in the native state and about 34±1.0 Å in the unfolded state. The transition curve derived from Kratky plots indicates a bimodal transition via a stable unfolding intermediate around 2.5 M urea. In the presence of Ca2+ and in the presence of both Ca2+ and a target peptide, the Rg values are 21.5±0.3 and 18.1±0.3 Å in the native state and 26.7±0.4 and 24.9±0.4 Å at 9 M urea, respectively. The results indicate that a stable unfolding intermediate still persists in 9 M urea. The present results suggest that the shape of unfolding intermediates is an asymmetric dumbbell-like structure, one in the folded and one in the unfolded state

Distribution of ultrasonic radiofrequency signal amplitude detects lipids in atherosclerotic plaque of coronary arteries: an ex-vivo study

Abstract Background Accumulation of lipids within coronary plaques is an important process in disease progression. However, gray-scale intravascular ultrasound images cannot detect plaque lipids effectively. Radiofrequency signal analysis could provide more accurate information on preclinical coronary plaques. Methods We analyzed 29 zones of mild atheroma in human coronary arteries acquired at autopsy. Two histologic groups, i.e., plaques with a lipid core (group L) and plaques without a lipid core (group N), were analyzed by automatic calculation of integrated backscatter. One hundred regions of interest were set on the target zone. Radiofrequency signals from a 50 MHz transducer were digitized at 240 MHz with 12-bit resolution. The intensity of integrated backscatter and its distribution within each plaque were compared between the two groups. Results Although the mean backscatter was similar between the groups, intraplaque variation of backscatter and backscatter in the axial direction were larger in group L than in group N (p = 0.02). Conventional intravascular ultrasound showed extremely low sensitivity for lipid detection, despite a high specificity. In contrast, a cut-off value>32 for the total variance of integrated backscatter identified lipid-containing plaque with a high sensitivity (85%) and specificity (75%). Conclusion Compared with conventional imaging, assessment of the intraplaque distribution of integrated backscatter is more effective for detecting lipid. As coronary atheroma progresses, its composition becomes heterogeneous and multi-layered. This radiofrequency technique can portray complex plaque histology and can detect the early stage of plaque progression.</p

Distribution of ultrasonic radiofrequency signal amplitude detects lipids in atherosclerotic plaque of coronary arteries: an ex-vivo study-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Distribution of ultrasonic radiofrequency signal amplitude detects lipids in atherosclerotic plaque of coronary arteries: an ex-vivo study"</p><p>http://www.cardiovascularultrasound.com/content/6/1/18</p><p>Cardiovascular Ultrasound 2008;6():18-18.</p><p>Published online 9 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2391144.</p><p></p