THE LOCATION AND ENVIRONMENT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES IN BERLIN

Berlin, with its index of innovation, stands on the top of the rank with tra- ditionally-innovated German (Baden-Wurttemberg, Bayern) and non-German (Ile de France, East of England) regions. The location of advanced technologies within the city boundaries shows how important transportation nodes and concentration of research centers are. The traditional factor of innovation has also its importance in localization of new industry in the city. Great external areas today without visible spatial management can be used as location for high-technologies, because of their natural environment-friendly features. Developing an effective transportation system and improving this existing one will work for the city futurę also from this point of view. Berlin’s fight for Europe’s Capital city title can be victorious. It seems that soon it can be too late for other central European cities (especially Capital cities) to reach a comparative level

Spatial aspects of air transportation liberalization - changes in European airport hierarchy.

Liberalization of air transportation opens the European market to low cost carriers. Offering cheep flights to main centres of economic and social development, this group of airlines considerably influences the role of this branch of passenger transportation, making it accessible a wider range of society. Using cheaper airports offering lower costs, these carriers change the airport hierarchy. Local airfields or regional airports become important European transportation nodes. These processes influence some spatial changes. Developing airports need more space for rebuilding terminals and enlarging service centres. Beside this spatial growth of air transportation infrastructure, changes also concern land use in their neighbourhood, because new economic activities appear in the vicinity of these 'new' airports

Passenger air transportation in Poland during the period of liberalization (2004-2012)

As a result of socio-economic changes in the early 1990s, the inhabitants of Poland gained the opportunity of unrestricted movement beyond the country’s borders. However, only with the liberalization of air transportation, brought about by Poland’s entry into the European Union, were Poles given a real option of using an airplane as a feasible means of travel. This was in large part attributed to the introduction of low-fare airlines, which utilize mainly regional airports. The large wave of migration stemming from the opening up of labor markets to the inhabitants of new E U member states served as an additional factor creating additional demand. Owing to the above, since 2004, passenger air transportation in Poland has reached new levels. I n 2013 the number of passengers checked in at Polish airports should exceed 25 million. Although the global economic crisis has hampered all air transportation markets in Europe, Polish airports have exceptionally quickly returned to the path of dynamic growth. I n the immediate future, the direction and dynamics of air transportation growth in Poland will be in large part bound to the fate of Poland’s national air carrier - P L L L O T

Entrepreneurship of inhabitants vs. economic activity of large and medium enterprises in rural areas of selected historical regions of Poland

In the past historical periods, each particular region of Poland was developing - in a sense - as separate organism; some of them were achieving a relative rise in the economic hierarchy, whereas some other were plunging in backwardness. These disparities have remained very distinctive until today, especially between the rural areas of different parts of the country. The aim of this paper is to determine diversifications of economic development level in four selected regions of Poland (Little Poland - pol. Małopolska, West Pomerania, Lower Silesia and the Lublin Region), measured as the localisation range and characteristics of big and medium enterprises in rural areas. Another objective was to observe the relation between localisation and characteristics of those enterprises and the general initiative of local inhabitants. The analyses carried out for this paper have served to create a typology of communes, depending on the number of workplaces in big and medium enterprises in this areas, as well as the general initiative of inhabitants, which then enabled the assessment of economic disparities between rural areas of selected Polish regions

Deprescribing in the Pharmacologic Management of Delirium (de-PMD): A Randomized Trial in the Intensive Care Unit

OBJECTIVE: Benzodiazepines and anticholinergics are risk factors for delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU). We tested the impact of a deprescribing intervention on short-term delirium outcomes. DESIGN: Multi-site randomized clinical trial SETTING: ICU’s of three large hospitals PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred adults aged ≥ 18 years admitted to an ICU with delirium according to the Richmond Agitation Severity Scale and the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU). Participants had a contraindication to haloperidol (seizure disorder or prolonged QT interval) or preference against haloperidol as a treatment for delirium, and were excluded for serious mental illness, stroke, pregnancy or alcohol withdrawal. Participants were randomized to a deprescribing intervention or usual care. The intervention included electronic alerts combined with pharmacist support to deprescribe anticholinergics and benzodiazepines. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcomes were delirium duration measured by the CAM-ICU, and severity measured by the Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98 (DRS-R-98) and the CAM-ICU-7; secondary outcomes included adverse events and mortality. RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 61.8 (standard deviation: 14.3) years, 59% female, and 52% African American with no significant differences in baseline characteristics between groups. No differences between groups were identified in the number exposed to anticholinergics (p=0.219) or benzodiazepines (p=0.566), the median total anticholinergic score (p=0.282), or the median total benzodiazepine dose in lorazepam equivalents (p=0.501). Neither median delirium/coma-free days (p=0.361) nor median change in delirium severity scores (p=0.582 for DRS-R-98; p=0.333 for CAM-ICU-7) were different between groups. No differences in adverse events or mortality were identified. CONCLUSIONS: When added to state-of-the-art clinical services, this deprescribing intervention had no impact on medication use in ICU participants. Given the age of the population, results of clinical outcomes may not be easily extrapolated to older adults. Nonetheless, improved approaches for deprescribing or preventing anticholinergics and benzodiazepines should be developed to determine the impact on delirium outcomes