Peripheral nerves electrostimulators. Technical Specifications

Admission The first successful attempt to use stimulants neuro modulation properties date back to the first half of the twentieth century. Due to the high technological limitations, the use of peripheral nerve electrostimulators the early eighties XX century was relatively small and involved few patients treated primarily due to neuropathic pain and patients psychosurgical. The development of modern batteries in the eighties of the twentieth century, standardization and implementation process to achieve consensus on the guidelines for operations in the field of functional neurosurgery, they contributed to intensified "Renaissance" functional neurosurgery. Material and methods Articles in the EBSCO database were analyzed using the keywords: peripheral nerves, stimulation, electrostimulation, neurosurgery. Furthermore, neural searched betting sites in terms of the technical aspects of this equipment. Available literature was subjectively selected. Then searched the latest version of each article. Results Offered different tools offered technical specifications. Technological developments have allowed the convenience to use devices, min. by increasing control by the user or representative of the operation of the pacemaker. Conclusions The development of technology and neuroscience neurostymulatorów resulted in the development of many available on the market. However, more research is needed to determine the exact parameters of stimulation, which would get the largest size stimulation effect while minimizing adverse effects

Stroke as a civilization disease

Background: Stroke is one of the three leading causes of death in the world. Young people are also more and more affected. The reasons for this phenomenon are divided into two categories, modifiable and non-modifiable. The former include: hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Factors that can not be modified include age, gender, race, as well as genetic predispositions and previous impacts. Behind the main principles of primary prevention means: regular monitoring of blood pressure, treatment of metabolic disorders, carotid angioplasty, and most important lifestyle change. The secondary principles of prophylaxis include antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulant therapy as well as surgical treatment. The aim of the study was to present stroke as a disease of civilization, with particular regard to its possible pathogenesis and prevention. Materials and methods: The literature was reviewed from the medical databases PubMed, Google Scholar and EBSCO. We adopted as key words: stroke, prevention, cerebral infarction, civilization disease. Results: Stroke has become a civilization disease. It is more and more often the cause of deaths in Poland and in the world. Epidemiology of this phenomenon has been thoroughly known. Risk factors for the incidence of stroke have been grouped, as well as methods for preventing and treating this phenomenon. Conclusions: The stroke affects more and more people. Its causes have been known. These include risk factors that can be modified by, for example, changing lifestyle

Dysfunctions of the immune system associated with age

Abstract Background: The human immune system consists of innate and adaptive responses. Innate immune response is the first line of the body's defense, while the adaptive response eliminates pathogens in later stages of infection. Cooperation between innate and adaptive immune response is important to effectively eliminate pathogens. An integral part of the aging of the human body is the aging of the immune system, which results in functional disorders directly affecting the deterioration of health. Abnormal functioning of the immune system is a predisposing factor to the occurrence of old-age diseases, as well as reduces the effectiveness of protective vaccination especially recommended to geriatric patients. Material and Methods: The current state of knowledge on age-related immune dysfunctions has been reviewed. The analysis concerned publications in English and Polish language published in the years 2003-2018, which were collected in the PubMed and Google Scholar database. Particular attention was paid to publications presenting the results of research conducted on a group of geriatric people in order to analyze the facts from the research. The publications were searched on the basis of key phrases, among others: the immune system of the elderly, chronic inflammation, innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Results: A review of current knowledge showed the seriousness of the problem of the aging of the immune system. In addition to reducing the efficiency of the immune system, special attention should be paid to chronic inflammation that predisposes to old-age diseases, as well as to reduce the effectiveness of immunization, which is a serious threat. Conclusion: Analyzing the sources of chronic inflammation in the elderly, particular attention was paid to the phenotype of aging cells, changes in the intestinal microflora of the elderly, the role of adipose tissue in the process of inflammation and changes in the levels of steroid hormones. Public awareness of the etiology of the problem is an excellent method of counteracting the negative effects of immunodeficiency. One of the recommendations is physical activity as part of the elimination of adipose tissue capable of securing an infinite number of pro-inflammatory cytokines

Medical classification in sport of disabled people

Background: In the live of disabled people sport is very important not only in terms of health, but often becomes a passion that gives the life meaning. For many disabled athletes this passion becomes their profession. Medico-sport classification divides athletes into groups and classes based on the type of the physical and mental dysfunction in order to equalize the odds in a sports competition. Material and methods: Analysis of available literature, articles in the Google Scholar and PubMed database using keywords: disabled, sport, classification, dysfunction. Results: Medical-sport classification distinguishes groups of disability of: sight, hearing, limb dismemberment, paraplegia, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. In the professional sport the athletes classification is done by medical doctors in cooperation with physiotherapists under the supervision of the Central Classification Committee of the “Start” organization, which verifies and approves the athletes membership to a certain group or class. During the athletes World Championships decision about the classification is done by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreations Association (CP – ISRA) and International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS). The group/class examination is carried out during the most important sports events like Paralympic Games, World Championships and European Athletics Championships, and remains valid for the next four years. Conclusions: The aim of this classification is to make the athlete’s achievement in a sport competition be a result of the athlete’s physical and psychological training rather than the level of his or hers disability. The subject of grouping and classification of the disabled athletes still remains an open topic for discussion