12 research outputs found
Luminescent Iridium(III) Cyclometalated Complexes with 1,2,3-Triazole âClickâ Ligands
A series of cyclometalated iridiumÂ(III)
complexes with either 4-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole or 1-(2-picolyl)-1,2,3-triazole
ancillary ligands to give complexes with either 5- or 6-membered chelate
rings were synthesized and characterized by a combination of X-ray
crystallography, electron spin ionizationâhigh-resolution mass
spectroscopy (ESI-HRMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
The electronic properties of the complexes were probed using absorption
and emission spectroscopy, as well as cyclic voltammetry. The relative
stability of the complexes formed from each ligand class was measured,
and their excited-state properties were compared. The emissive properties
are, with the exception of complexes that contain a nitroaromatic
substituent, insensitive to functionalization of the ancillary pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole
ligand but tuning of the emission maxima was possible by modification
of the cyclometalating ligands. It is possible to prepare a wide range
of optimally substituted pyridyl-1,2,3-triazoles using copper CuÂ(I)-catalyzed
azide alkyne cycloaddition, which is a commonly used âclickâ
reaction, and this family of ligands represent an useful alternative
to bipyridine ligands for the preparation of luminescent iridiumÂ(III)
complexes
A Twist in Biphthalimide-Based Chromophores Enables Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Thermally
activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters, which
convert nonemissive triplets into emissive singlets, have garnered
tremendous impetus as next-generation organic electroluminescent materials.
Employing donorâacceptor (DâA) designs to produce intramolecular
charge transfer (ICT) states is considered an attractive strategy
to effectively reduce the singletâtriplet (ÎEST) gap, thereby enhancing reverse intersystem crossing
(rISC) in TADF emitters. Herein, we report two ICT chromophores (BP-1TPA and BP-2TPA) utilizing a rational design
strategy based on a twisted biphthalimide acceptor core integrated
with varying triphenylamine donors. We accomplish efficient TADF emission
with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of âŒ80%
at ambient conditions from poly(methyl methacrylate)-doped films of
these chromophores. Twisting the acceptor core ensures the separation
of natural transition orbitals, leading to small ÎEST and generates an intermediate triplet excited state
to facilitate rISC. The present study, therefore, sheds light on how
delayed fluorescence can be realized from a simple twisted phthalimide
core by rational molecular engineering and enables new insights toward
exploring the aromatic imide class of molecules as potential organic
light-emitting materials
Highly Fluorescent Molecularly Insulated Perylene Diimides: Effect of Concentration on Photophysical Properties
A series of four
perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores were prepared
with increasing steric bulk on the imide substituents with the aim
of retarding the effect of concentration quenching on photoluminescence,
commonly observed with these dyes. Spectroscopic investigations of
the compounds in dilute solution confirmed that the photophysical
properties of the PDI core chromophore were not perturbed by the bulky
substituents. Solid film samples containing the PDI compounds at various
concentrations dispersed in a polyÂ(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix
were examined and compared to amorphous neat films as well as crystalline
samples. The PDI compounds containing di-<i>tert</i>-butylphenyl
(bPDI-3) and trityl (bPDI-4) substituents showed near unity photoluminescence
quantum yield (PLQY) up to 20 mM in PMMA compared to 10% PLQY for
the reference compound (bPDI-1) without molecular insulation. Surprisingly,
high concentrations (>40 mM) of a phenyl-substituted PDI compound
(bPDI-2) with moderate molecular insulation formed emissive aggregates
that showed a higher PLQY compared to the PDI derivatives with greater
steric bulk. By examining the molecular structure and solid state
packing in conjunction with a series of photophysical measurements,
new insights into designing highly fluorescent dyes, particularly
in the solid state, were obtained. The trityl-substituted PDI compound
(bPDI-4) was used in a luminescent solar concentrator with optical
quantum efficiency of 54%, flux gain of 6.4, and geometric gain of
45
Photophysical Studies of Helicate and Mesocate Double-Stranded Dinuclear Ru(II) Complexes
The
metalâligand charge transfer (3MLCT) and
phosphorescence-quenching metal-centered (3MC) states of
the helicate and mesocate diastereoisomers of a double-stranded dinuclear
polypyridylruthenium(II) complex have been investigated using ultrafast
transient absorption spectroscopy. At 294 K, transient signals of
the helicate decayed significantly slower than those of the mesocate,
whereas at 77 K, no clear contrast in kinetics was observed. Contributions
to excited-state decay from high-lying 3MLCT states were
identified at both temperatures. Spectroscopic data (294 K) suggest
that the 3MC state of the helicate lies above the 3MLCT and that the reverse is true for the mesocate; this was
further validated by density functional theory calculations. The stabilization
of the 3MC state relative to the 3MLCT state
in the mesocate was explained by a reduction in ligand field strength
due to distortion near the ligand bridge, which causes further deviation
from octahedral geometry compared to the helicate. This work illustrates
how minor structural differences can significantly influence excited
state dynamics
Highly Fluorescent Molecularly Insulated Perylene Diimides: Effect of Concentration on Photophysical Properties
A series of four
perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores were prepared
with increasing steric bulk on the imide substituents with the aim
of retarding the effect of concentration quenching on photoluminescence,
commonly observed with these dyes. Spectroscopic investigations of
the compounds in dilute solution confirmed that the photophysical
properties of the PDI core chromophore were not perturbed by the bulky
substituents. Solid film samples containing the PDI compounds at various
concentrations dispersed in a polyÂ(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix
were examined and compared to amorphous neat films as well as crystalline
samples. The PDI compounds containing di-<i>tert</i>-butylphenyl
(bPDI-3) and trityl (bPDI-4) substituents showed near unity photoluminescence
quantum yield (PLQY) up to 20 mM in PMMA compared to 10% PLQY for
the reference compound (bPDI-1) without molecular insulation. Surprisingly,
high concentrations (>40 mM) of a phenyl-substituted PDI compound
(bPDI-2) with moderate molecular insulation formed emissive aggregates
that showed a higher PLQY compared to the PDI derivatives with greater
steric bulk. By examining the molecular structure and solid state
packing in conjunction with a series of photophysical measurements,
new insights into designing highly fluorescent dyes, particularly
in the solid state, were obtained. The trityl-substituted PDI compound
(bPDI-4) was used in a luminescent solar concentrator with optical
quantum efficiency of 54%, flux gain of 6.4, and geometric gain of
45
Selenium Nanoparticles as Potential Drug-Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Parkinsonâs Disease
The development of efficient drug formulations for Parkinsonâs
disease (PD) treatment is challenged by achieving pharmacokinetic
profiles, reduced side effects, and better permeability through the
bloodâbrain barrier (BBB). As nanoparticles may facilitate
the delivery of drugs in the brain due to their high-loading capacity
and ability to cross biological barriers, we designed two different
types of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) that may increase the transport
of drugs across the BBB and may act as antioxidants at the site of
action. The SeNPs were functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
and polysorbate 20 (Tween) and characterized in terms of their size,
size distribution, shape, surface charge, and colloidal stability
in relevant biological media. Their drug-loading capacity was tested
using dopamine and l-DOPA as therapeutically active agents
for PD. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that binding processes occurred
spontaneously through hydrogen bond/van der Waals interactions or
electrostatic interactions. The strongest interaction was observed
between PVP-SeNPs and l-DOPA or dopamine, which was characterized
by a binding constant several orders of magnitude higher than for
Tween-SeNPs. However, the addition of human transferrin as a model
plasma protein significantly reduced this difference, which indicates
the crucial role of protein corona formation in the design of drug
nanodelivery systems. In vitro evaluation by cell-free
and cellular transwell models showed efficient internalization of
SeNP-loaded l-DOPA/dopamine by human endothelial brain cells,
while facilitated BBB permeability for l-DOPA, and dopamine
was achieved using PVP-SeNPs. Overall, the high potential of SeNPs
as drug-delivery vehicles in PD treatment was demonstrated
Selenium Nanoparticles as Potential Drug-Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Parkinsonâs Disease
The development of efficient drug formulations for Parkinsonâs
disease (PD) treatment is challenged by achieving pharmacokinetic
profiles, reduced side effects, and better permeability through the
bloodâbrain barrier (BBB). As nanoparticles may facilitate
the delivery of drugs in the brain due to their high-loading capacity
and ability to cross biological barriers, we designed two different
types of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) that may increase the transport
of drugs across the BBB and may act as antioxidants at the site of
action. The SeNPs were functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
and polysorbate 20 (Tween) and characterized in terms of their size,
size distribution, shape, surface charge, and colloidal stability
in relevant biological media. Their drug-loading capacity was tested
using dopamine and l-DOPA as therapeutically active agents
for PD. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that binding processes occurred
spontaneously through hydrogen bond/van der Waals interactions or
electrostatic interactions. The strongest interaction was observed
between PVP-SeNPs and l-DOPA or dopamine, which was characterized
by a binding constant several orders of magnitude higher than for
Tween-SeNPs. However, the addition of human transferrin as a model
plasma protein significantly reduced this difference, which indicates
the crucial role of protein corona formation in the design of drug
nanodelivery systems. In vitro evaluation by cell-free
and cellular transwell models showed efficient internalization of
SeNP-loaded l-DOPA/dopamine by human endothelial brain cells,
while facilitated BBB permeability for l-DOPA, and dopamine
was achieved using PVP-SeNPs. Overall, the high potential of SeNPs
as drug-delivery vehicles in PD treatment was demonstrated
Selenium Nanoparticles as Potential Drug-Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Parkinsonâs Disease
The development of efficient drug formulations for Parkinsonâs
disease (PD) treatment is challenged by achieving pharmacokinetic
profiles, reduced side effects, and better permeability through the
bloodâbrain barrier (BBB). As nanoparticles may facilitate
the delivery of drugs in the brain due to their high-loading capacity
and ability to cross biological barriers, we designed two different
types of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) that may increase the transport
of drugs across the BBB and may act as antioxidants at the site of
action. The SeNPs were functionalized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)
and polysorbate 20 (Tween) and characterized in terms of their size,
size distribution, shape, surface charge, and colloidal stability
in relevant biological media. Their drug-loading capacity was tested
using dopamine and l-DOPA as therapeutically active agents
for PD. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that binding processes occurred
spontaneously through hydrogen bond/van der Waals interactions or
electrostatic interactions. The strongest interaction was observed
between PVP-SeNPs and l-DOPA or dopamine, which was characterized
by a binding constant several orders of magnitude higher than for
Tween-SeNPs. However, the addition of human transferrin as a model
plasma protein significantly reduced this difference, which indicates
the crucial role of protein corona formation in the design of drug
nanodelivery systems. In vitro evaluation by cell-free
and cellular transwell models showed efficient internalization of
SeNP-loaded l-DOPA/dopamine by human endothelial brain cells,
while facilitated BBB permeability for l-DOPA, and dopamine
was achieved using PVP-SeNPs. Overall, the high potential of SeNPs
as drug-delivery vehicles in PD treatment was demonstrated
Intracellular Distribution of Fluorescent Copper and Zinc Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Complexes Measured with Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy
The
intracellular distribution of fluorescently labeled copper and zinc
bisÂ(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes was investigated in M17 neuroblastoma
cells and primary cortical neurons with a view to providing insights
into the neuroprotective activity of a copper bisÂ(thiosemicarbazonato)
complex known as Cu<sup>II</sup>(atsm). Time-resolved fluorescence
measurements allowed the identification of the Cu<sup>II</sup> and
Zn<sup>II</sup> complexes as well as the free ligand inside the cells
by virtue of the distinct fluorescence lifetime of each species. Confocal
fluorescent microscopy of cells treated with the fluorescent copperÂ(II)ÂbisÂ(thiosemicarbazonato)
complex revealed significant fluorescence associated with cytoplasmic
puncta that were identified to be lysosomes in primary cortical neurons
and both lipid droplets and lysosomes in M17 neuroblastoma cells.
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy confirmed that the fluorescence
signal emanating from the lipid droplets could be attributed to the
copperÂ(II) complex but also that some degree of loss of the metal
ion led to diffuse cytosolic fluorescence that could be attributed
to the metal-free ligand. The accumulation of the copperÂ(II) complex
in lipid droplets could be relevant to the neuroprotective activity
of Cu<sup>II</sup>(atsm) in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
and Parkinsonâs disease
Spatially Resolved Photophysical Dynamics in Perovskite Microplates Fabricated Using an Antisolvent Treatment
Perovskite
microplates have important implications in the fields
of functional electronics and optoelectronics. We report a facile
strategy, antisolvent treatment for the growth of perovskite microplates.
The morphology and crystalline quality of the microplates could be
controlled by the amount of the chlorobenzene antisolvent used. An
appropriate amount of antisolvent facilitates the formation of high-quality
perovskite microplates with no residual precursor remaining. Spatially
and temporally resolved fluorescence measurements demonstrate the
heterogeneity of defect-state density and recombination processes
in various perovskite microplate regions. The body center shows higher
defect state density when compared with that at the edge or the
corner of the microplate. Excessive antisolvent degrades the microplates
into smaller particles. The results of this study reveal the factors
that influence the crystallization process and photophysical dynamics
of perovskite microplates