Interaksi AtMEK1-EXGT Pada Arabidopsis Thaliana Pada Saat Terjadi Pelukaan

Proteininteractions occur within cellular level of stimulated plantcells to relay signals from receptors to production of response.AtMEK1-EXGT interaction had been detected in nontreatedArabidopsis. In this research, interaction betweenAtMEK1, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase ofArabidopsis thaliana, and EXGT, endoxyloglucan transferase,after the plant was wounded was examined usingco-immunoprecipitation and in vitro phosphorylation assay.The results demonstrated that EXGT interact with AtMEK1soon after and 10 minutes after wounding. In addition,AtMEK1 phosphorylation activity increased when increasedlevel of EXGT was incorporated into the reaction mixture.These indicate that EXGT amplifies wound-caused phosphorylationactivity of AtMEK1. The results elucidate part ofthe AtMEKK1-AtMEK1-AtMPK4 cascade which is stimulatedby wounding. How the complex interaction between EXGT,AtMEK1 and AtMPK4 fits within the cascade is remained tobe uncovered

A DIGITAL BRIDGE FOR COLLABORATION IN CULTURAL HERITAGE

Abstract. The importance of history and the role that culture plays on the population is well defined, but we have never researched culture in a truly collective way. Data digitisation and archiving could be transformed into an exceptional tool for connecting all different users and sectors of cultural heritage into a "Global heritage" interaction and communication. The research undertaken is summarised to the development of a crowdsourcing, interdisciplinary platform, under the name "Heritage for People".The paper consists of 6 sections. The first of these concerns a general description of the problem, linked to the risks of cultural heritage. A closer analysis of the risks present in the historic center of Vienna follows. The third paragraph deals with the tools for planning and protecting the cultural heritage of the Austrian capital. The fourth section introduces the "Heritage for People" tool in which a new online platform is outlined. The fifth chapter is instead dedicated to a description of the possible technologies to be used, while the last section illustrates how the proposed platform can have other applications depending on the cultural heritage

Defragmenting Struktur Berpikir Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Pertidaksamaan Eksponen

The aim of this study is to describe the thinking structure students' error related to solve inequality exponent problem and the effort of defragmenting. The subject of this study is student of X class SMAN 6 Malang which learned this material. The subject choose considered procedural error and their communication skill. The thinking structure students' error found from think out loud result in a process to solve inequality exponent problem. The obtained data will code and be based to describe defragmenting process. The founding of this study is the thinking structure students' error such as misgeneralization, misidentification, overspecialization, and repair theory. Defragmenting create disequilibration, conflict cognitive, and scaffolding.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan deskripsi tentang kesalahan struktur berpikir siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah pertidaksamaan eksponen serta upaya defragmentingnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada siswa Kelas X SMAN 6 Malang yang telah menempuh materi pertidaksamaan eksponen. Subjek penelitian dipilih dengan mempertimbangkan kesalahan prosedural yang dilakukan siswa ketika menyelesaikan masalah serta kemampuan komunikasi yang baik agar pengungkapan proses berpikir dapat dilakukan dengan baik. Kesalahan struktur berpikir siswa ditelusuri dari hasil think out loud siswa selama proses penyelesaian masalah pertidaksamaan eksponen. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dikodekan dan dijadikan dasar untuk menggambarkan proses defragmenting yang dilakukan. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa kesalahan prosedural siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah pertidaksamaan eksponen, antara lain berupa misgeneralization, misidentification, overspecialyzation, dan repair theory. Defragmenting yang dilakukan peneliti adalah menciptakan disequlibrasi, conflict kognitif, dan scaffolding

Demonstration of binding induced structural plasticity in a SH2 domain

SH2 domains are common protein interaction domains able to recognize short aminoacidic sequences presenting a phosphorylated tyrosine (pY). In spite of their fundamental importance for cell physiology there is a lack of information about the mechanism by which these domains recognize and bind their natural ligands. The N-terminal SH2 (N-SH2) domain of PI3K mediates the interaction with different scaffolding proteins and is known to recognize a specific pY-X-X-M consensus sequence. These interactions are at the cross roads of different molecular pathways and play a key role for cell development and division. By combining mutagenesis, chemical kinetics and NMR, here we provide a complete characterization of the interaction between N-SH2 and a peptide mimicking the scaffolding protein Gab2. Our results highlight that N-SH2 is characterized by a remarkable structural plasticity, with the binding reaction being mediated by a diffused structural region and not solely by the residues located in the binding pocket. Furthermore, the analysis of kinetic data allow us to pinpoint an allosteric network involving residues far from the binding pocket involved in specificity. Results are discussed on the light of previous works on the binding properties of SH2 domains

Understanding the binding induced folding of intrinsically disordered proteins by protein engineering: Caveats and pitfalls

Many proteins lack a well-defined three-dimensional structure in isolation. These proteins, typically denoted as intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), may display a characteristic disorder-to-order transition when binding their physiological partner(s). From an experimental perspective, it is of great importance to establish the general grounds to understand how such folding processes may be explored. Here we discuss the caveats and the pitfalls arising when applying to IDPs one of the key techniques to characterize the folding of globular proteins, the Φ value analysis. This method is based on measurements of the free energy changes of transition and native states upon conservative, non-disrupting, mutations. On the basis of available data, we reinforce the validity of Φ value analysis in the study of IDPs and suggest future experiments to further validate this powerful experimental method

Spatio-temporal variations of Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae and their Plasmodium infectivity rates in Lobito, Angola

From 2003 to 2007, entomological surveys were conducted in Lobito town (Benguela Province, Angola) to determine which Anopheles species were present and to identify the vectors responsible for malaria transmission in areas where workers of the Sonamet Company live. Two types of surveys were conducted: (1) time and space surveys in the low and upper parts of Lobito during the rainy and dry periods; (2) a two-year longitudinal study in Sonamet workers' houses provided with long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLIN), "PermaNet," along with the neighboring community. Both species, An. coluzzii (M molecular form) and An. gambiae (S molecular form), were collected. Anopheles coluzzii was predominant during the dry season in the low part of Lobito where larvae develop in natural ponds and temporary pools. However, during the rainy season, An. gambiae was found in higher proportions in the upper part of the town where larvae were collected in domestic water tanks built near houses. Anopheles melas and An. listeri were captured in higher numbers during the dry season and in the low part of Lobito where larvae develop in stagnant brackish water pools. The infectivity rates of An. gambiae s.l. varied from 0.90% to 3.41%

On the moroccan tsunami catalogue

A primary tool for regional tsunami hazard assessment is a reliable historical and instrumental catalogue of events. Morocco by its geographical situation, with two marine sides, stretching along the Atlantic coast to the west and along the Mediterranean coast to the north, is the country of Western Africa most exposed to the risk of tsunamis. Previous information on tsunami events affecting Morocco are included in the Iberian and/or the Mediterranean lists of tsunami events, as it is the case of the European GITEC Tsunami Catalogue, but there is a need to organize this information in a dataset and to assess the likelihood of claimed historical tsunamis in Morocco. Due to the fact that Moroccan sources are scarce, this compilation rely on historical documentation from neighbouring countries (Portugal and Spain) and so the compatibility between the new tsunami catalogue presented here and those that correspond to the same source areas is also discussed

Myocarditis and intramural coronary vasculitis in polyarteritis nodosa: an unusual treatable form of heart failure

We describe an uncommon cardiac presentation of polyarteritis nodosa. A 68-year-old woman, with a history of fatigue, weight loss, and myalgia of the lower extremities, was admitted for congestive heart failure. Coronary arteries were normal. Endomyocardial biopsy showed active lymphocytic myocarditis with associated intramural small vessels necrotizing vasculitis. The overexpression of TLR-4 and the negativity for myocardial viruses suggested an immune mediated mechanism of cardiac damage. These histologic findings associated to weight loss >4 kg not due to dieting or other factors, myalgias, and polyneuropathy, were consistent with the diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa. Immunosuppressive treatment, consisting of cyclophosphamide and prednisolone, led to a significant improvement of cardiac function. Polyarteritis nodosa can be the cause of unexplained heart failure due to myocarditis and intramural vessels vasculitis. Its recognition is crucial to obtain a cardiac recovery with a tailored immunosuppressive treatment

The Folding Mechanism of the SH3 Domain from Grb2

SH3 domains are small protein modules involved in the regulation of important cellular pathways. These domains mediate protein-protein interactions recognizing motifs rich in proline on the target protein. The SH3 domain from Grb2 (Grb2-SH3) presents the typical structure of an SH3 domain composed of two-three stranded antiparallel \u3b2-sheets orthogonally packed onto each other, to form a single hydrophobic core. Grb2 interacts, via SH3 domain, with Gab2, a scaffolding disordered protein, triggering some key metabolic pathways involved in cell death and differentiation. In this work we report a mutational analysis (\u3c6-value analysis) of the folding pathway of Grb2-SH3 that, coupled with molecular dynamic simulations, allows us to assess the structure of the transition state and the mechanism of folding of this domain. Data suggest that Grb2-SH3 folds via a native-like, diffused transition state with a concurrent formation of native-like secondary and tertiary structure (nucleation-condensation mechanism) and without the accumulation of folding intermediates. The comparison between our data and previous folding studies on SH3 domains belonging to other proteins, highlights that proteins of this class may fold via alternative pathways, stabilized by different nuclei leading or not to accumulation of folding intermediates. This comparative analysis suggests that the alternative folding pathways for this class of SH3 domains can be selectively regulated by the specific aminoacid sequences