225 research outputs found
Non-potential field formation in the X-shaped quadrupole magnetic field configuration
Some types of solar flares are observed in X-shaped quadrupolar field
configuration. To understand the magnetic energy storage in such a region, we
studied non-potential field formation in an X-shaped quadrupolar field region
formed in the active region NOAA 11967, which produced three X-shaped M-class
flares on February 2, 2014. Nonlinear force-free field modeling was applied to
a time series of vector magnetic field maps from the Solar Optical Telescope on
board Hinode and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board Solar Dynamics
Observatory. Our analysis of the temporal three-dimensional magnetic field
evolution shows that the sufficient free energy had already been stored more
than 10 hours before the occurrence of the first M-class flare and that the
storage was observed in a localized region. In this localized region,
quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) started to develop gradually from 9 hours before
the first M-class flare. One of the flare ribbons that appeared in the first
M-class flare was co-spatial with the location of the QSLs, suggesting that the
formation of the QSLs is important in the process of energy release. These QSLs
do not appear in the potential field calculation, indicating that they were
created by the non-potential field. The formation of the QSLs was associated
with the transverse photospheric motion of the pre-emerged flux and the
emergence of a new flux. This observation indicates that the occurrence of the
flares requires the formation of QSLs in the non-potential field in which free
magnetic energy is stored in advance.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
Model for the Lepton Flavor Structure and the Strong Problem
We present a model with lepton flavor symmetry which
explains the origin of the lepton flavor structure and also solves the strong
problem. Standard model gauge singlet fields, so-called "flavons", charged
under the symmetry are introduced and are coupled with
the lepton and the Higgs sectors. The flavon vacuum expectation values (VEVs)
trigger spontaneous breaking of the symmetry. The
breaking pattern of the accounts for the tri-bimaximal neutrino mixing
and the deviation from it due to the non-zero angle, and the
breaking of the gives rise to a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson,
axion, whose VEV cancels the QCD term. We investigate the breaking of
the symmetry through an analysis on the scalar potential
and further discuss the properties of the axion in the model, including its
decay constant, mass and coupling with photons. It is shown that the axion
decay constant is related with the right-handed neutrino mass through the
flavon VEVs. Experimental constraints on the axion and their implications are
also studied.Comment: 13 pages, final version, minor modification
Which Component of Solar Magnetic Field Drives the Evolution of Interplanetary Magnetic Field over Solar Cycle?
The solar magnetic structure changes over the solar cycle. It has a dipole
structure during solar minimum, where the open flux extends mainly from the
polar regions into the interplanetary space. During maximum, a complex
structure is formed with low-latitude active regions and weakened polar fields,
resulting in spread open field regions. However, the components of the solar
magnetic field that is responsible for long-term variations in the
interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) are not clear, and the IMF strength
estimated based on the solar magnetic field is known to be underestimated by a
factor of 3 to 4 against the actual in-situ observations (the open flux
problem). To this end, we decomposed the coronal magnetic field into the
components of the spherical harmonic function of degree and order
using the potential field source surface model with synoptic maps from SDO/HMI
for 2010 to 2021. As a result, we found that the IMF rapidly increased in
December 2014 (seven months after the solar maximum), which coincided with the
increase in the equatorial dipole, , corresponding to the
diffusion of active regions toward the poles and in the longitudinal direction.
The IMF gradually decreased until December 2019 (solar minimum) and its
variation corresponded to that of the non-dipole component . Our
results suggest that the understanding of the open flux problem may be improved
by focusing on the equatorial dipole and the non-dipole component and that the
influence of the polar magnetic field is less significant.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Neutrino Mass in Non-Supersymmetric GUT
We study a prediction on neutrino observables in a non-supersymmetric
renormalizable GUT model that contains a complex scalar
field and a scalar field whose Yukawa couplings with
matter fields provide the quark and charged lepton Yukawa couplings, neutrino
Dirac Yukawa coupling and Majorana mass for the singlet neutrinos. The
breaking is achieved in two steps by a GeV VEV of a real scalar field and a GeV VEV of the
field. First, we analyze the gauge coupling unification conditions and
determine the VEV of the field. Next, we constrain the Yukawa
couplings of the and fields at the scale of the field's VEV from experimental data on quark and charged lepton masses and
quark flavor mixings. Then we express the active neutrino mass with the above
Yukawa couplings and the field's VEV based on the Type-1 seesaw
mechanism, and fit neutrino oscillation data, thereby deriving a prediction on
poorly or not measured neutrino observables. What distinguishes our work from
previous studies is that we do not assign Peccei-Quinn charges on visible
sector fields so that the scalar field and its complex conjugate
both have Yukawa couplings with matter fields. From the fitting of
neutrino oscillation data, we find that not only the normal neutrino mass
hierarchy, but also the inverted hierarchy can be realized. We also reveal that
in the normal hierarchy case, the Dirac CP phase of the neutrino mixing matrix
is likely in the ranges of and
, and not in the region with ,
and that in the normal hierarchy case, is likely in the upper
octant and in the range of .Comment: 22 pages, 3 figure
Higgs Portal Majorana Fermionic Dark Matter with the Freeze-in Mechanism
We consider a minimal model of fermionic dark matter, in which the Majorana
fermion dark matter (DM) couples with the Standard Model (SM) Higgs
field
through a higher-dimensional term , where is the cutoff scale. We assume that
is sufficiently large that DM particles are not in thermal
equilibrium with the SM Particles throughout the history of the Universe.
Hence, DM particles are produced only by the freeze-in mechanism. Through a
numerical analysis of the freeze-in mechanism, we show contour plots of the DM
relic abundance for various values of the DM mass, reheating temperature and
the cutoff scale. We obtain an upper bound of the DM mass and cutoff scale from
contour plots on ()-plane. We also consider the direct DM
detection for the parameter regions where the DM relic abundance is consistent
with the experimental values. We find that the spin-independent cross section
for the elastic scattering with a nucleon is below the current experimental
upper bound.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figure
G-band and Hard X-ray Emissions of the 2006 December 14 flare observed by Hinode/SOT and RHESSI
We report on G-band emission observed by the Solar Optical Telescope onboard
the Hinode satellite in association with the X1.5-class flare on 2006 December
14. The G-band enhancements originate from the footpoints of flaring coronal
magnetic loops, coinciding with non-thermal hard X-ray bremsstrahlung sources
observed by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager. At the
available 2 minute cadence, the G-band and hard X-ray intensities are
furthermore well correlated in time. Assuming that the G-band enhancements are
continuum emission from a blackbody, we derived the total radiative losses of
the white-light flare (white-light power). If the G-band enhancements
additionally have a contribution from lines, the derived values are
overestimates. We compare the white-light power with the power in hard X-ray
producing electrons using the thick target assumption. Independent of the
cutoff energy of the accelerated electron spectrum, the white-light power and
the power of accelerated electrons are roughly proportional. Using the observed
upper limit of ~30 keV for the cutoff energy, the hard X-ray producing
electrons provide at least a factor of 2 more power than needed to produce the
white-light emission. For electrons above 40 keV, the powers roughly match for
all four of the time intervals available during the impulsive phase. Hence, the
flare-accelerated electrons contain enough energy to produce the white-light
flare emissions. The observed correlation in time, space, and power strongly
suggests that electron acceleration and white-light production in solar flares
are closely related. However, the results also call attention to the
inconsistency in apparent source heights of the hard X-ray (chromosphere) and
white-light (upper photosphere) sources.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
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