Ionic Liquids Containing Sulfonium Cations as Electrolytes for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors

In this work, we report on the behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) containing sulfonium cations as electrolytes for electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). Physical properties such as viscosity and ionic conductivity are reported over a range of temperatures for ILs containing the diethylmethyl sulfonium [S221], triethyl sulfonium [S222], and diethylpropyl sulfonium [S223] cations paired with the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide [Tf2N] anion. The size and structure of the cations are shown to influence the physical and electrochemical properties of the ILs, with a significant degree of ionic coordination being evident in [S223][Tf2N]. The electrochemical behavior of these ILs in EDLCs was compared with that of a fairly established IL electrolyte, N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ([Pyr14][Tf2N]), and it is shown that [S221][Tf2N] can perform better in terms of energy and power at room temperature, despite operating at a much reduced potential

Anisotropy studies around the galactic centre at EeV energies with the Auger Observatory

Data from the Pierre Auger Observatory are analyzed to search for anisotropies near the direction of the Galactic Centre at EeV energies. The exposure of the surface array in this part of the sky is already significantly larger than that of the fore-runner experiments. Our results do not support previous findings of localized excesses in the AGASA and SUGAR data. We set an upper bound on a point-like flux of cosmic rays arriving from the Galactic Centre which excludes several scenarios predicting sources of EeV neutrons from Sagittarius $A$. Also the events detected simultaneously by the surface and fluorescence detectors (the `hybrid' data set), which have better pointing accuracy but are less numerous than those of the surface array alone, do not show any significant localized excess from this direction.Comment: Matches published versio

Remembering Joyce Remembering

Memory in its various aspects and functions is a fundamental feature of Joyce\u2019s entire ouvre. This paper begins with a brief discussion of what we can call the "memory of the word". Joyce's very personal use of the English language, which reached its most provocative and distorted version in Finnegans Wake, can be read as a constant attempt to free words from the memory of the English of the British Empire, the language of the invaders who had endangered and attempted to erase for good the Emerald Island\u2019s native tongue. And just because the English word is (and was) burdened with accumulated meanings from over the centuries, Joyce felt the need to give it new life, and he did so by bestowing upon that word a new texture, a texture that would be less transparent than the veil covering its most common meanings. The second topic discussed here is what can be termed the "memory of a character", i.e., what the reader remembers about a character (the readers\u2019 memory of characters), and what the character remembers about him/herself and others (the characters\u2019 memory of characters). Two examples from Ulysses are analyzed in detail. As a third point, the authors argue that memory's cohesive potential spills out of Joyce's works and reaches into the real world by keeping a community of Joycean scholars together, thus becoming truly "collective". It does so not only by means of perpetuating reminiscences of Joyce and his characters, but also by passing on the history and stories of the community itself. The Joycean community, one might say, coalesces around Joyce, but at the same time takes on a life of its own, which gives it a collective dimension that it could not have if it were just a group of individuals carrying out their own respective research into a common object of study

Electrochromism Of Wo3 In Acid Solutions. An Electrochemical, Optical And Electrogravimetric Study

The electrochromic reaction of a tungsten trioxide electrode prepared by electrochemical deposition was studied. Chronopotentiometric experiments associated with transmittance measurements were carried out for several film thicknesses. The dependence of electrochromic efficiency on the coloration/bleaching current density, the wavelength of the light source and the film thickness were analysed. The mass and structural changes due to the electrochromic reaction were followed using a quartz crystal microbalance and stress experiments respectively. Film formation and dissolution processes for WO3 in acidic media are also discussed. © 1992.3181-2131144Lampert, (1984) Solar Energy Mater., 11, p. 1Smith, (1982) Displays, 3, p. 3Smith, Transition metal oxide electrochromic materials and displays: a review (1982) Displays, 4, p. 67Svensson, Granqvist, (1984) Appl. Phys. Lett., 45, p. 828Delichere, Falaras, Froment, Goff, Agius, (1988) Thin Solid Films, 161, p. 35Delichere, Falaras, Goff, (1988) Thin Solid Films, 161, p. 47Davazoglou, Leveque, Donnadieu, (1988) Solar Energy Mater., 17, p. 379Zhong, Wessel, Heiwich, Colbow, (1990) Solar Energy Mater., 20, p. 289Schlotter, (1987) Solar Energy Mater., 16, p. 39Nagai, Kamimori, Mizuhashi, (1986) Solar Energy Mater., 13, p. 279Yamanaka, (1987) Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 26, p. 1884Guerfi, Nguyen, Dao, (1989) J. Electrochem. Soc., 136, p. 2435Habib, Glueck, (1989) Solar Energy Mater., 18, p. 127Córdoba-Torresi, Gabrielli, Goff, Torresi, Electrochromic Behavior of Nickel Oxide Electrodes (1991) Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 138, p. 1548Córdoba-Torresi, Gabrielli, Keddam, Takenouti, Torresi, Role of ion exchange in the redox processes of a polyaniline film studied by an ac quartz crystal microbalance (1990) Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 290, p. 269Gabrielli, Keddam, Torresi, (1991) J. Electrochem. Soc., 138, p. 2657Scarminio, Sahu, Decker, (1989) J. Phys. E, 22, p. 755Sahu, Scarminio, Decker, (1990) J. Electrochem. Soc., 137, p. 1150Cogan, Rauh, Plante, Nguyen, Westwood, (1990) Proc. Symp. on Electrochromic Materials, 90-92, p. 99. , Electrochemical Society, Pennington, NJJ. Scarminio, W. Estrada, A. Anderson, A. Gorenstein and F. Decker, submitted to J. Electrochem. SocAndersson, Estrada, Granqvist, Gorenstein, Decker, (1990) Proc. SPIE, 1272, p. 96P.I. Ortiz and M. Lopez Teijelo, unpublished resultsEerNisse, (1984) Applications of Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalances, 7, p. 125. , C. Lu, A.W. Czanderna, Elsevier, New YorkCheek, O'Grady, (1990) J. Electroanal. Chem., 277, p. 341F. Decker, M. Fracastoro-Decker, A. Gorenstein, J. Scarminio and R. Torresi, to be publishe

Infrared Characterization Of Electrochromic Nickel Hydroxide Prepared By Homogeneous Chemical Precipitation

Two different methods for preparing electrochromic nickel hydroxide films are tested: thermal hydrolysis of [Ni(NH3)6]2+ complex and thermal decomposition of a mixture of urea and NiSO4. Both methods lead to adherent and homogeneous films presenting good electrochromic properties. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that Ni(OH)2 prepared from urea decomposition has intercalated water molecules, while hydroxides prepared from ammonia complexes present ß-like structure without hydration. Ex-situ infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize virgin, bleached and colored states of the films under different experimental conditions. IR spectra of the colored state show the diminution of the 3650 cm-1 band related to free OH- stretching vibrations. The disappearance of this band is associated with the oxidation process and also with the physicochemical nature of alkaline cations incorporated in the oxide matrix during the coloration process. © 1993.2292180186Oliva, Leonardi, Laurent, Delmas, Braconier, Figlarz, Fievet, De Guibert, (1982) J. Power Sources, 8, p. 229Delahaye-Vidal, Beaudoin, Figlarz, (1986) Reactivity of Solids, 2, p. 223Delahaye-Vidal, Figlarz, (1987) J. Appl. Electrochem., 17, p. 589Genin, Delahaye-Vidal, Portemer, Tekaia-Elhsissen, Figlarz, (1991) Eur. J. Solid State Inorg. Chem., 28, p. 505Le Bihan, Guenot, Figlarz, (1970) C. R. Acad. Sci., 270 C, p. 2131Figlarz, Le Bihan, (1971) C. R. Acad. Sci., 272 C, p. 580Bode, Dehmelt, Witte, (1966) Electrochim. Acta, 11, p. 1079Faure, Delmas, Fouassier, (1991) J. Power Sources, 35, p. 279Faure, Delmas, Fouassier, Willmann, (1991) J. Power Sources, 35, p. 249Faure, Delmas, Willmann, (1991) J. Power Sources, 35, p. 263Faure, Borthomieu, Delmas, Fouassier, (1991) J. Power Sources, 36, p. 113Córdoba-Torresi, Gabrielle, Goff, Torresi, Electrochromic Behavior of Nickel Oxide Electrodes (1991) Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 138, p. 1548Fantini, Gorenstein, (1987) Solar Energy Mater., 16, p. 487Granqvist, Svensson, Optical properties of electrochromic hydrated nickel oxide coatings made by rf sputtering (1987) Applied Optics, 26, p. 1554Bange, Baucke, Metz, Properties Of Electrochromic Nickel Oxide Coatings Produced By Reactive Evaporation (1988) Proc. SPIE, 1016, p. 170Delichere, Joiret, Goff, Bange, Metz, Electrochromism In Nickel Oxide Films (1988) Proc. SPIE, 1016, p. 165Merlin, Teichner, (1953) C. R. Acad. Sci., 236, p. 1892M. J. Avena, M. V. Vazquez, R. E. Carbonio, C. P. De Pauli and V. A. Macagno, unpublished results, 1991Kober, Analysis of the Charge-Discharge Characteristics of Nickel-Oxide Electrodes by Infrared Spectroscopy (1965) Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 112, p. 1064Kober, Infrared Spectroscopic Investigation of Charged Nickel Hydroxide Electrodes (1967) Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 114, p. 215Shamina, Maladin, Rakhovskaya, Vereshchagina, (1974) Elektrokhimiya, 10, p. 1571Shamina, Maladin, Rakhovskaya, Vereshchagina, (1974) Elektrokhimiya, 10, p. 1745Hahn, Floner, Beden, Lamy, (1987) Electrochimica Acta, 32, p. 1631Horanyi, Investigation of the effects of heat treatment on the β-Ni(OH)2-β-NiOOH system using IR spectroscopy (1989) Thermochimica Acta, 142, p. 143de Torresi, Gorenstein, Torresi, Vazquez, (1991) J. Electroanal. Chem., 318, p. 131Scarminio, Gorenstein, Decker, Passerini, Pileggi, Scrosati, <title>Cation intercalation in electrochromic NiO<formula><roman>x</roman></formula&gtfilms</title&gt(1991) Proc. SPIE, 1536, p. 70Polo da Fonseca, De Paoli, Gorenstein, Torresi, Electrochromism in cobalt oxyhydroxide thin films (1991) Proc. SPIE, 1536, p. 104Bockris, Otagawa, (1984) J. Electrochem. Soc., 131, p. 290Le Bihan, Figlarz, (1973) Thermochim. Acta, 6, p. 319Bockris, Reddy, (1977) Modern Electrochemistry, 1. , Plenum Press, New YorkBewick, Gutiérrez, Larramona, (1992) J. Electroanal. Chem., 332, p. 155Bewick, Gutiérrez, Larramona, (1992) J. Electroanal. Chem., 333, p. 165Marcus, (1985) Ion Solvation, , Wiley-Interscience, LondonWen, Campet, Poitier, Couturier, Goodenough, (1992) Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 14, p. 115Zhang, (1982) Inorg. Chem., 21, p. 3886Zhang, (1982) Inorg. Chem., 21, p. 3889Ahirens, The use of ionization potentials Part 1. Ionic radii of the elements (1952) Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2, p. 15

Introduction. Joyce at the Crossroads

In presenting the volume, this paper argues that Joyce stands at the crossroads of different languages and cultures, which is to say, a point of both encounters and departures. As an icon of twentieth-century modernism, Joyce extends a welcoming hand to multilingualism, cross-cultural meetings, babelic intersections, and diverse approaches from different disciplines. The collection is situated at the crossroads between Joyce studies, translation studies and cultural studies. The authors argue that the contributions from scholars who represent such different cultures as the European and the North American melting pot are particularly apt for drawing the image of a Joyce at the crossroads, like a monument to be admired and written upon, but also an icon at the centre of a rotary intersection, towering over and above the travellers who go around it on their different ways in order to reach their different goals. Joyce, in fact, not only as a writer but also as a human being, placed himself at the crossroads of different languages and cultures, sometimes bridging, sometimes highlighting the gaps between them

Xvi-sibee: The Xvi Brazilian Symposium Of Electrochemistry And Electroanalytical Chemistry [xvi-sibee: Xvi Simpósio Brasileiro De Eletroquímica E Eletroanalítica]

[No abstract available]19

Electrochromic Phenomena In Fullerene Thin Films

[No abstract available]3771-2283285Haddon, Hebard, Rosseinsky, Murphy, Duclos, Lyons, Miller, Thiel, (1991) Nature, 350, p. 320Hebard, Rosseinsky, Haddon, Murphy, Glarum, Palstra, Ramirez, Kortan, (1991) Nature, 350, p. 600Rosseinsky, Ramirez, Glarum, Murphy, Haddon, Hebard, Palstra, Makhija, (1991) Phys. Rev. Lett., 66, p. 2830Duclos, Haddon, Glarum, Hebard, Lyons, (1991) Science, 254, p. 1625Haddon, (1992) Acc. Chem. Res., 25, p. 127Krätschmer, Lamb, Fostiropoulos, Huffman, (1990) Nature, 347, p. 358Chen, Tjeng, Rudolf, Meigs, Rowe, Chen, McCauley, Jr., Plummer, (1991) Nature, 352, p. 603Sohmen, Fink, Krätschmer, Electronic Structure Studies of Undoped and n-Type Doped Fullerene C60 (1992) Europhysics Letters (EPL), 17, p. 51Benning, Martins, Weaver, Chibante, Smalley, (1991) Science, 252, p. 1417Srdanov, Saab, Margolese, Poolman, Khemani, Koch, Wudl, Stucky, (1992) Chem. Phys. Lett., 192, p. 243Baumgarten, Gügel, Gherghel, (1993) Adv. Mater., 5, p. 458Pichler, Matus, Kürti, Kuzmany, (1992) Solid State Commun., 81, p. 859Deb, Optical and photoelectric properties and colour centres in thin films of tungsten oxide (1973) Philosophical Magazine, 27, p. 801Faughnan, Crandall, Heyman, (1975) RCA Rev., 36, p. 177Lampert, Granqvist, (1990) Large Area Chromogenics: Materials and Devices for Transmittance Control, , SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Washington, DCde Torresi, Gorenstein, Torresi, Vázquez, (1991) J. Electroanal. Chem., 318, p. 131de Torresi, Gabrielli, Le Goff, Torresi, Electrochromic Behavior of Nickel Oxide Electrodes (1991) Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 138, p. 1548Bernard, de Torresi, Le Goff, (1992) Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 25, p. 225Foot, Simon, (1989) J. Phys. D, 22, p. 1598Chabre, Djurado, Armand, Romanow, Coustel, McCauley, Jr., Fisher, Smith, III, (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 114, p. 764Compton, Spackman, Wellington, Green, Turner, (1992) J. Electroanal. Chem., 327, p. 337Zhou, Wang, Wang, Eklund, Dresselhaus, Dresselhaus, Jishi, (1992) Phys. Rev. B, 46, p. 259

Electrochromic Behaviour Of Sputtered Titanium Oxide Thin Films

The electrochromic reaction of titanium oxide films prepared by r.f. sputtering was studied. Chronoamperometric experiments associated with transmittance spectra in LiClO4-propylene carbonate solutions were carried out and compared with the optical properties of titanium oxide films with different stoichiometries. It was verified that the colour changes produced by stoichiometry deviation and by electro-intercalation are similar, because the maximum absorption bands in both cases are centred at the same wavelength and the molar absorption coefficients are similar; these observations can be explained by the mixed valence theory deduced for non-stoichiometric metallic oxides. The analysis of the j vs. E and [d(OD)/dt]vs. E potentiodynamic profiles is an interesting method for studying the kinetic mechanisms of electrochromic reactions without interference from parallel reactions. © 1995.25917074Lampert, (1984) Sol. Energy Mater., 11, p. 1Smith, (1982) Displays, 3, p. 3Smith, Transition metal oxide electrochromic materials and displays: a review (1982) Displays, 4, p. 67Ohzuku, Hirae, An electrochromic display based on titanium dioxide (1982) Electrochimica Acta, 27, p. 1263Ottaviani, Panero, Morzilli, Scrosatti, Lazzari, (1986) Solid State Ionics, 20, p. 197Morisaki, Yazawa, Electrochemical and electrochromic aspects of porous titania glass (1988) Applied Surface Science, 33-34, p. 818Doeuff, Sanchez, (1989) C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 309 (2), p. 531Seike, Nagai, (1991) Sol. Energy Mater., 22, p. 107Ozer, (1992) Thin Solid Films, 214, p. 17Canta˜o, Cisneros, Torresi, Kinetic Study of Lithium Electroinsertion in Titanium Oxide Thin Films (1994) The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 98, p. 4865Nassau, The Causes of Color (1980) Scientific American, 243, p. 36Deb, Optical and photoelectric properties and colour centres in thin films of tungsten oxide (1973) Philosophical Magazine, 27, p. 801Schirmer, Wittwer, Baur, Brant, (1977) J. Electrochem. Soc., 124, p. 749Hashimoto, Matsuoka, (1991) J. Appl. Phys., 69, p. 933Robin, Day, (1967) Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry, 10, p. 247. , 4th edn., H.J. Emeléus, A.G. Sharpe, Academic Press, New YorkCotton, Wilkinson, (1972) Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, , Interscience, New YorkVogel, (1978) Quantitative Inorganic Analysis and Technical, , 4th edn., Longman Scientific, LondonCanta˜o, (1993) Ph.D. Thesis, , Instituto de Fisica “Gleb Wataghin”, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, BrazilChapman, (1980) Glow Discharge Process, , Wiley, New YorkCisneros, Rego, Tomyiama, Bilac, Gonçalves, Rodriguez, Argüello, (1983) Thin Solid Films, 100, p. 155Swanepoel, (1983) J. Phys. E, 16, p. 1214Cronemeyer, Infrared Absorption of Reduced Rutile TiO2 Single Crystals (1958) Physical Review, 113, p. 1222Vratny, Micale, (1963) Trans. Faraday Soc., 59, p. 2739Stewart, (1970) Infrared Spectroscopy, , Marcel Dekker, New YorkMedvedeva, Zhukov, Khodos, Gubanov, The Electronic Structure and Cohesive Energy of HfO2, ZrO2, TiO2, and SnO2 Crystals (1990) physica status solidi (b), 160, p. 517Burstein, (1954) Phys. Rev., 93, p. 632Pleskov, Gurevich, (1986) Semiconductor Photoelectrochemistry, , Plenum, New Yor

Ionic Exchanges In Dodecylbenzenesulfonate-doped Polypyrrole Part Ii: Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Study

Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques were combined to study the ionic exchange process in polypyrrole doped with the anionic surfactant, dodecylbenzenesulfonate. A quantitative analysis of the results indicates a doping degree of 20% after electropolymerization. Studies performed in monomer-free solutions show that both anions and cations of the electrolytes play an important role in the redox process. Quantitative calculations also take into account the transfer of neutral species like solvent molecules. © 1995.723283287Reynolds, Sundaresan, Pomerantz, Basak, Baker, Calibration of the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (1991) Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 138, p. 2657Sabatini, Ticianelli, Redondo, Rubinstein, Rishpon, Gottesfeld, Morphological effects in conducting polymer films studied by combined OCM and spectroscopic ellipsometry (1993) Synthetic Metals, 55-57, p. 1293Baker, Qiu, Reynolds, (1991) J. Phys. Chem., 95, p. 4446Lien, Smyrl, Morita, (1991) J. Electroanal. Chem., 309, p. 333Basak, Bose, Rajeshwar, (1992) Anal. Chem., 64, p. 1813Peres, De Paoli, Torresi, (1992) Synth. Met., 48, p. 259Baker, Reynolds, (1988) J. Electroanal. Chem., 251, p. 307Naoi, Lien, Smyrl, (1991) J. Electrochem. Soc., 138, p. 440Hillman, Swann, Bruckenstein, (1991) J. Phys. Chem., 95, p. 3271Matencio, De Paoli, Peres, Torresi, Córdoba de Torresi, (1995) Synth. Met., 72, p. 59Gabrielli, Keddam, Torresi, (1991) J. Electrochem. Soc., 138, p. 2657Soares, Kantek, Fruböse, Doblhofer, The electrochemical quartz-microbalance in media of changing viscoelastic properties, and the design and characterization of a suitable driver electronics (1994) Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, 98, p. 219Peres, Pernaut, De Paoli, Properties of poly(pyrrole) films electrochemically synthesized in the presence of surfactants (1989) Synthetic Metals, 28, p. C59Peres, (1992) Ph.D. Thesis, , Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, BrazilMarcus, (1985) Ion Solvation, , Wiley-Interscience, LondonVieil, Meerholtz, Matencio, Heinze, (1994) J. Electroanal. Chem., 368, p. 18