Transformación de Archivos Dicom A Formatos XML, JPEG y PNG

Se presenta un modelo para la extracción de información contenida en los objetos de los archivos de tipo DICOM y su correspondiente transformación a archivos de tipo XML, bajo el estándar CDA de HL7. Iniciando con el análisis de la estructura de los archivos de tipo DICOM y de una serie de librerías que interactúan con la información requerida, para posteriormente presentar el modelo de transformación y el esquema resultante de archivo XML. En la parte final se plantea una transformación a imágenes no diagnosticas en formatos JPG y PNG

Activity, a variable in the time : University of peace and reconciliation in 12 Commune of Medellín

La investigación indagó la relación entre actividad y tiempo, proponiendo cuatro categorías teóricas como hipótesis que, permiten el desarrollo en el proyecto arquitectónico en una Ciudad Universitaria en Medellín: Forma constante, Muerte, Arquitectura móvil y Contenedor. Esto ya que, la arquitectura contemporánea no presta atención a la vida útil del proyecto, es decir, en la actualidad, el objetivo de la disciplina está en proyectar espacios que perduren eternamente, omitiendo el tiempo como estrategia de composición. A partir de esto, la indagación abordó la composición del proyecto arquitectónico desde la definición formal de la relación actividad / tiempo. La investigación agrupo las reflexiones teóricas en un encargo que propicia y evidencia la actividad, el tiempo y el proyecto arquitectónico: una Ciudad Universitaria en la Comuna 12 de Medellín. El proceso metodológico, fue basado en tres aspectos: analizar, analogar y componer. Un proceso cíclico en el que, fue necesario analizar modelos paradigmáticos para componer y componer para analizar. La analogía proyectual al momento de analizar develó lógicas formales, para después asumir estrategias y operaciones relacionadas con el tiempo y la actividad. Los resultados de la investigación no están orientados en ofrecer instrumentos para lograr la permanencia en la eternidad, en cambio propone una postura consiente de la relación entre actividad y tiempo, para demostrar las reflexiones teóricas sobre la actividad y el tiempo en la composición de una Ciudad UniversitariaThe investigation inquired the association between activity and time in the architectural project in a University Campus in Medellín, since, contemporary architecture excludes this relation in the design process. In other words, at present, the discipline objective is to project spaces that will last forever, omitting time as a compositional strategy. From this, the research addressed the composition of the architectural project from the formal definition of the activity / time association. Grouping the study in a commission that promotes and demonstrates the activity, time and architectural project: A University Campus in the Commune 12 of Medellín. The methodological process was based on three aspects: analyze, analogy and compose. A cyclical process in which it is necessary to analyze paradigmatic models to compose and compose to analyze. The project analogy showed formal logics at the analyzing, then assume strategies and operations applied in the composition. The results of the research are not oriented to offer instruments to achieve permanence in eternity, instead proposes a conscientious position of the relationship between activity and time, to demonstrate the theoretical reflections on the activity and time in the composition of a University Campus

The global contribution of soil mosses to ecosystem services

Soil mosses are among the most widely distributed organisms on land. Experiments and observations suggest that they contribute to terrestrial soil biodiversity and function, yet their ecological contribution to soil has never been assessed globally under natural conditions. Here we conducted the most comprehensive global standardized field study to quantify how soil mosses influence 8 ecosystem services associated with 24 soil biodiversity and functional attributes across wide environmental gradients from all continents. We found that soil mosses are associated with greater carbon sequestration, pool sizes for key nutrients and organic matter decomposition rates but a lower proportion of soil-borne plant pathogens than unvegetated soils. Mosses are especially important for supporting multiple ecosystem services where vascular-plant cover is low. Globally, soil mosses potentially support 6.43 Gt more carbon in the soil layer than do bare soils. The amount of soil carbon associated with mosses is up to six times the annual global carbon emissions from any altered land use globally. The largest positive contribution of mosses to soils occurs under a high cover of mat and turf mosses, in less-productive ecosystems and on sandy and salty soils. Our results highlight the contribution of mosses to soil life and functions and the need to conserve these important organisms to support healthy soils.The study work associated with this paper was funded by a Large Research Grant from the British Ecological Society (no. LRB17\1019; MUSGONET). D.J.E. is supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation. M.D.-B. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2018-025483-I), a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I + D + i (PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033a) and a project PAIDI 2020 from the Junta de Andalucía (P20_00879). E.G. is supported by the European Research Council grant agreement 647038 (BIODESERT). M.B. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Spanish Ministry of Science (RYC2021-031797-I). A.d.l.R is supported by the AEI project PID2019-105469RB-C22. L.W. and Jianyong Wang are supported by the Program for Introducing Talents to Universities (B16011) and the Ministry of Education Innovation Team Development Plan (2013-373). The contributions of T.G. and T.U.N. were supported by the Research Program in Forest Biology, Ecology and Technology (P4-0107) and the research projects J4-3098 and J4-4547 of the Slovenian Research Agency. The contribution of P.B.R. was supported by the NSF Biological Integration Institutes grant DBI-2021898. J. Durán and A. Rodríguez acknowledge support from the FCT (2020.03670.CEECIND and SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2021) research unit financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC)

The Surface Array of IceCube-Gen2

The science goals of IceCube-Gen2 include multi-messenger astronomy, astroparticle and particle physics. To this end, the observatory will include several detection methods, including a surface array and in-ice optical sensors. The array will have an approximately 8 km2 surface coverage, consisting of elevated scintillator panels and radio antennas to detect air showers in the energy range of several 100 TeV to a few EeV. The observatory’s design is unique in that the measurements using the surface array can be combined with the observations of ≥ 300 GeV muons, produced in the hadronic cascades, using the optical detectors in the ice. This allows for an enhanced ability to study cosmic-ray and hadronic physics as well as to boost the sensitivity for astrophysical neutrinos from the southern sky by reducing the primary background, atmospheric muons. We will present the baseline design of the surface array and highlight the expected scientific capabilitie

Mechanical design of the optical modules intended for IceCube-Gen2

IceCube-Gen2 is an expansion of the IceCube neutrino observatory at the South Pole that aims to increase the sensitivity to high-energy neutrinos by an order of magnitude. To this end, about 10,000 new optical modules will be installed, instrumenting a fiducial volume of about 8 km3. Two newly developed optical module types increase IceCube’s current sensitivity per module by a factor of three by integrating 16 and 18 newly developed four-inch PMTs in specially designed 12.5-inch diameter pressure vessels. Both designs use conical silicone gel pads to optically couple the PMTs to the pressure vessel to increase photon collection efficiency. The outside portion of gel pads are pre-cast onto each PMT prior to integration, while the interiors are filled and cast after the PMT assemblies are installed in the pressure vessel via a pushing mechanism. This paper presents both the mechanical design, as well as the performance of prototype modules at high pressure (70 MPa) and low temperature (−40∘C), characteristic of the environment inside the South Pole ice

Direction reconstruction performance for IceCube-Gen2 Radio

The IceCube-Gen2 facility will extend the energy range of IceCube to ultra-high energies. The key component to detect neutrinos with energies above 10 PeV is a large array of in-ice radio detectors. In previous work, direction reconstruction algorithms using the forward-folding technique have been developed for both shallow (≲20 m) and deep in-ice detectors, and have also been successfully used to reconstruct cosmic rays with ARIANNA. Here, we focus on the reconstruction algorithm for the deep in-ice detector, which was recently introduced in the context of the Radio Neutrino Observatory in Greenland (RNO-G)

Deep Learning Based Event Reconstruction for the IceCube-Gen2 Radio Detector

The planned in-ice radio array of IceCube-Gen2 at the South Pole will provide unprecedented sensitivity to ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos in the EeV range. The ability of the detector to measure the neutrino’s energy and direction is of crucial importance. This contribution presents an end-to-end reconstruction of both of these quantities for both detector components of the hybrid radio array (\u27shallow\u27 and \u27deep\u27) using deep neural networks (DNNs). We are able to predict the neutrino\u27s direction and energy precisely for all event topologies, including the electron neutrino charged-current (νe-CC) interactions, which are more complex due to the LPM effect. This highlights the advantages of DNNs for modeling the complex correlations in radio detector data, thereby enabling a measurement of the neutrino energy and direction. We discuss how we can use normalizing flows to predict the PDF for each individual event which allows modeling the complex non-Gaussian uncertainty contours of the reconstructed neutrino direction. Finally, we discuss how this work can be used to further optimize the detector layout to improve its reconstruction performance

Performance Studies of the Acoustic Module for the IceCube Upgrade

The IceCube Upgrade will augment the existing IceCube Neutrino Observatory by deploying 700 additional optical sensor modules and calibration devices within its center at a depth of 1.5 to 2.5 km in the Antarctic ice. One goal of the Upgrade is to improve the positioning calibration of the optical sensors to increase the angular resolution for neutrino directional reconstruction. An acoustic calibration system will be deployed to explore the capability of achieving this using trilateration of propagation times of acoustic signals. Ten Acoustic Modules (AM) capable of sending and receiving acoustic signals with frequencies from 5 to 30 kHz will be installed within the detector volume. Additionally, compact acoustic sensors inside 15 optical sensor modules will complement the acoustic calibration system. With this system, we aim for an accuracy of a few tens of cm to localize the Acoustic Modules and sensors. Due to the longer attenuation length of sound compared to light within the ice, acoustic position calibration is especially interesting for the upcoming IceCube-Gen2 detector, which will have a string spacing of around 240 m. In this contribution we present an overview of the technical design of the Acoustic Module as well as results of performance tests with a first complete prototype

Estimating the coincidence rate between the optical and radio array of IceCube-Gen2

The IceCube-Gen2 Neutrino Observatory is proposed to extend the all-flavour energy range of IceCube beyond PeV energies. It will comprise two key components: I) An enlarged 8km3 in-ice optical Cherenkov array to measure the continuation of the IceCube astrophysical neutrino flux and improve IceCube\u27s point source sensitivity above ∼100TeV; and II) A very large in-ice radio array with a surface area of about 500km2. Radio waves propagate through ice with a kilometer-long attenuation length, hence a sparse radio array allows us to instrument a huge volume of ice to achieve a sufficient sensitivity to detect neutrinos with energies above tens of PeV. The different signal topologies for neutrino-induced events measured by the optical and in-ice radio detector - the radio detector is mostly sensitive to the cascades produced in the neutrino interaction, while the optical detector can detect long-ranging muon and tau leptons with high accuracy - yield highly complementary information. When detected in coincidence, these signals will allow us to reconstruct the neutrino energy and arrival direction with high fidelity. Furthermore, if events are detected in coincidence with a sufficient rate, they resemble the unique opportunity to study systematic uncertainties and to cross-calibrate both detector components